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Biochemistry 2 > Lipolysis > Flashcards

Lipolysis Flashcards

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0
Q

What mobilizes the FA from triglycerides?

A

Lipases

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1
Q

Fatty acid oxidation bring the FA to where?

A

The mitochondria

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2
Q

Fatty acid oxidation activates the FA from?

A

acetyl CoA synthetase and pyrophosphatase

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3
Q

How is a FA transported into the matrix of the mitochondria?

A

By CPT and carnitine

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4
Q

Where is the FA transported to?

A

Then matrix of the mitochondria

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5
Q

FA oxidation makes what?

A

Makes ATP

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6
Q

FA oxidation enters the aerobic system(krebs and ETS) by multiple what?

A

Dehydrogenases

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7
Q

Hydrolysis of triglycerides is converted from glycerol to FA by what?

A

Lipases

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8
Q

Lipases TAG goes to DAG by what?

A

ATGL

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9
Q

Lipases DAG goes to MAG by what?

A

HSL

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10
Q

Lipases MAG goes to LCFA and glycerol by what

A

MGL

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11
Q

What are TAG broken down by? And what does it trigger?

A

Epinephrine and glucagon

And triggers the action of three lipases on a lipid droplet

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12
Q

What are the results of epinephrine and glucagon?

A

Low energy

Low blood sugar

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13
Q

What do 3 lipases on a lipid droplet trigger?

A

Lipases turn triglycerides into free fatty acids

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14
Q

Do hormones activate second messengers? And if they do what messengers are stimulated?

A

Yes, stimulates adenylyl Cyclades

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15
Q

What stimulates adenylyl Cyclase?

A

cAMP

AMP kinase PKA

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16
Q

What does PKA stimulate?

A

Stimulates Lipolysis in fat cells

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17
Q

By breaking down a TAG what does it activate?

A

Activated HSL hormones sensitive lipase

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18
Q

What is HSL activated by?

A

Phosphorylation

DAG to MAG

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19
Q

AMP stimulates

A 
Glut4
Glycogen breakdown 
Glycolysis 
LPLm activation
Fat Burning
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20
Q

AMP inhibits?

A

Glycogen synthesis
TAG synthesis
Cholesterol synthesis
FA synthesis

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21
Q

What does insulin do in breaking down TAG?

A

De phosphorylates HSL

inhibits ATGL

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22
Q

What is the fate of glycerol?

A

Transported in blood to the liver

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23
Q

What is glycerol transported by?

A

Phosphorylated to glycerol 3 phosphate

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24
Glycerol 3 phosphate does what?
TAG synthesis Phospholipid synthesis DHAP glycolysis and gluconeogenesis
25
Glycerol 3 phosphate is transferred to dihydroxyactone phosphate by what enzyme?
By glycerol 3 phosphate dehydrogenase
26
What is a free fatty acid transported in?
Transported in the blood
27
Free fatty acid in the blood is bound to what and sent to where?
Bound to serum albumin | Sent to target tissues skeletal heart renal cortex and is a fuel source
28
How many free fatty acids can albumin carry?
Can army 10 free fatty acids pet protein monomer
29
What does a FA enter in order to degrade?
Enters the muscle
30
When a FA is activated what does it turn in to?
Acyl CoA
31
FA degradation what does it specifically enter?
The mitochondria
32
Where is a FA in degradation oxidized at?
In the mitochondria OHOT
33
A FA entering the muscle must be chaperoned by a? And escorts it to where?
Protein and is escorted to the surface of the mitochondria
34
Activation of the FA happens how?
Attaching a coenzyme A to the FA Snd crating Acyl CoA
35
After the coenzyme A is attached to the FA and creates Acyl CoA the enzyme is Acyl CoA synthetase it is about to enter what?
The mitochondria
36
Activating the FA is driven by what?
Driven by ATP
37
What is the location that the FA activation takes place?
The outer mitochondrial membrane
38
By activating the FA it does what?
Links between CoA and the fatty acid
39
What is consumed in the process of activating the FA?
ATP
40
ATP is what
AMP + PPi
41
PPI is
2Pi + energy | Pyrophosphotase
42
Pyrophosphotase is what to make the reaction irreversible
Is hydrolyzes | This is common in biosynthesis
43
After hydrolization we do what?
Oxidation
44
What does the CPT (carnitine palmitoyltransferase complex) consists of?
CPT I Acylcarnitine translocase CPT II
45
What is the CPT complex responsible for?
Transport of LCFAs
46
What is CPT I considered?
The rate limiting step
47
What's another name for acylcarnitine translocase?
Carnitine acyltransferase
48
CPT complex is reversible inhibited by?
Malonyl CoA (first committed step in FA synthesis)
50
CPT complex is kept at a neutral pH optimum and is inhibited when?
From pH decrease 7.0 to 6.8
51
in the cytosol is where the BLANK are?
the regulatory sites | lactic acid or PH
52
where are the regulatory sites?
on the CPT I
53
What four steps does Beta oxidation refer to?
``` these steps occur prior to having fat enter the aerobic system Oxidation Hydration Oxidation Thiolysis ```
54
During the oxidation phase what occurs?
Acyl CoA converted to Trans Enoyl CoA by Acyl CoA dehydrogenase and loses a FAD to go to a FADH2
55
During the hydration phase what occurs?
trans enoyl CoA is converted to L-3 hydroyacyl CoA by enoyl CoA hydrotase and water is added
56
What occurs during oxidation II phase?
3 hydroxyacyl CoA is converted to 3 ketone CoA by L-3 hydroxyacyl CoA dehydrogenase and NAD+ is lost to go to NADH + H+
57
During the thiolase phase what occurs?
3 ketoacyl CoA is converted to Acyl CoA (minus 2) or Acetyl CoA by B ketothiolase while CoA-SH is added to the reaction
58
What does oxidation produce? and by what?
produces a double bond and FADH2 | Dehydrogenase
59
By adding water (a hydroxyl group) and removing a double bond what is the enzyme?
hydratase
60
What does the second oxidation turn the hydroxyl group into?
into a carbonyl group | dehydrogenase
61
Oxidation and hydration in the krebs cycle is what?
Succinate to Fumarate by: Succinate dehydrogenase and fumarate to malate by: Fumarase
62
In the krebs cycle what is Malate converted to and by what?
converted to oxaloacetate and by malate dehydrogenase
63
What are FADH2 and NADH?
both are products that got to the ETS
64
What is Acetyl CoA? what does it enter? what does it produce?
is a product enters the krebs cycle produces reduced coenzymes FADH2 and NADH to be sent to ETS
65
what happens to the Acetyl CoA each time you run the B-Oxidation (OHOT)?
is two carbons shorter each time you run the B-oxidation OHOT
66
unsaturated FA degradation?
many of the reactions are the same | two additional enzymes are required
67
what are the two additional additional enzymes required?
reductase and isomerase
68
what two things are the same at getting into the matrix?
translocation and activation
69
What occurs during oxidation?
Acyl CoA to 2,4 dienoyl CoA by Acyl CoA dehydrogenase | FAD enters and leaves as FADH2
70
What occurs during reductase?
2,4 dienoyl CoA to cis enoyl CoA by 2,4 dienoyl CoA reductase NADPH + H+ enters and leaves as NADP+
71
What occurs during isomerase? (new step)
cis enoyl CoA to trans enoyl CoA by isomerase
72
What occurs during hydration?
trans enoyl CoA to L-3 hydroxyacl CoA by enoyl CoA hydratase and water is added
73
What occurs during Oxidation II?
L-3 hydroxyacyl Coa to 3 ketoacyl CoA by L-3 hydroxyacyl CoA dehydrogenase NAD+ enters and leaves as NADH + H+
74
What occurs during thiolase?
3 ketoacyl CoA to acyl CoA or Acetyl CoA by beta ketothiolase CoA-SH enters in
75
what fats require one or two extra enzymes?
polyunsaturated
76
what are odd numbered double bonds? how do they get degraded?
isomerase | degrade two by two just like even chain FA
77
what are even numbered double bonds? how do they get degrade?
reductase and isomerase | they get degraded two by two just like odd chain FA
78
what is the difference between odd and even chain FA?
Odd chain FA are let with propionyl CoA
79
what is propionyl CoA converted to?
succinyl CoA | this conversion is common in converting AA into TCA intermediates
80
what is required for FA oxidation regulation?
energy required
81
what are the energy requirements?
Liver high NADH/ NAD+ ratio high concentration of acetyl CoA
82
what does the energy requirement of the liver do?
need energy B xidation in mitochondria | do not need energy form TAG and phospholipids cytosol
83
what does the energy requirement high NADH/NAD+ do?
signals high energy | inhitbits 2nd oxidation step (3 hydroxacyl CoA dehydrogenase?
84
what does concentration of acetyl CoA do?
inhibtis thiolase
85
what is carnitine shuttle and what does it do in the FA oxidation regulation?
is the rate limiting step | FA in mitochondria committed to B oxidation
86
what does glucose do in FA oxidation regulation?
increased glucose increases malonyl CoA | inhibits CPT I inhibits B oxidation
87
what does AMP do in FA oxidation regulation?
exercise or fasting increases concentration of AMP AMPkinase stimulate FA oxidation inhibits FA synthesis
88
regulation and stimulation
hormones epinephrine norepinephrine glucagon AMP (cAMP) low energy
89
regulation and inhibition
``` hormone insulin high glucose high energy high NADH/NAD+ malonyl CoA ```
90
what are the key enzymes in FA oxidation?
lipases acyl CoA cynthetase acyl Coa dehydrogenases
91
lipases are
free fatty acids from triglycerides
92
acyl CoA sythetases
activates the FA for transport into the mitochondria
93
Acyl CoA dehydrogenases
first enzyme of OHOT (B oxidation) | oxidizes acyl CoA
94
FA oxidation (has 7 things):
mobilizes the FA from Triglyceride- lipases bring the FA to the mitochondria activate the FA- acyl CoA synthetase and pyrophosphatase transport the FA into the matrix of the mitochondria- CPT and carnitine Beta oxidation- OHOT (acyl CoA Dehydrogenase) enter the aerobic system(krebs ETS)- multiple dehydrogenases makes ATP
95
HSL is strongly inhibited by>
insulin
96
ATGL is elevated in
type II diabetics
97
HSL exhibits a 10 fold higher specific activity for
DAG from TAG

Biochemistry 2 (13 decks)

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