Pentose Phosphate Pathway Flashcards
(104 cards)
1
Q
What does the PPP start with
A
Starts with glucose 6 phosphate
2
Q
What’s another name for the PPP
A
Heroes monophosphate pathway
3
Q
What does the PPP make
A
Ribose
NADPH
4
Q
What is ribose needed for
A
Needed for DNA RNS and other molecules
When new cells are being created the PPP is stimulated
5
Q
What is being stimulated with new cells are created
A
PPP
6
Q
What is NADPH needed for
A
Needed for reductive biosynthesis detoxification respiratory burst and antioxidant regeneration
7
Q
When is the PPP stimulated
A
When any of these pathways consume NADPH
8
Q
What is the main enzyme
A
Glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase
9
Q
What does the PPP produce
A
Produces ribose 5 phosphate
10
Q
What is needed for DNA RNA and other molecules
A
Ribose
11
Q
What is stimulated when new cells are being created
A
PPP
12
Q
When you consume NADPH what is stimulated
A
PPP
13
Q
What is not produced and consumed
A
ATP
14
Q
what happens during the pentose phosphate pathway
A
One glucose six phosphate to two NADPH
15
Q
What are the products of ribose five phosphate
A
Nucleic acid ATP CoA NAD FAD
16
Q
What are the products of NADPH +H
A
Reductive biosynthesis
free radical elimination
detoxification
respiratory bursts
17
Q
What are the products of glycerol aldehyde 3P and Fructose 6 phosphate
A
Glycolysis
18
Q
What are the DNA base pairing’s
A
AT
GC
19
Q
Anything that contains ribose stimulates what
A
PPP
20
Q
What is oxidized in the electron transport chain to make ATP
A
NADH
21
Q
NADPH is an electron donor during what
A
Reductive biosynthesis
respiratory burst
detoxification
regeneration of antioxidants or free radical elimination
22
Q
What are two parts of the PPP
A
Oxidative reactions nonoxidative reactions
23
Q
What do you oxidative reactions do
A
Make NADPH
24
Q
What do nonoxidative reactions do
A
Ribose five phosphate can be converted into intermediates of glycolysis
Ribose five phosphate can be used to make nucleotides nucleic acid and other structures
25
What are the four individual steps
Dehydrogenation
hydrolysis
oxidative decarboxylation
isomerization
26
What is their dehydrogenation of
Glucose-6-phosphate
27
What is hydrolyzed
Six Phosphoglucono and lactone
28
What is yielded during oxidative decarboxylation
Ribulose five phosphate
29
What happens during isomerization
Ribulose five phosphate to Ribose five phosphate
30
What are the reactants
Glucose-6-phosphate
| NADP+
31
What are the products
NADPh
| 6 phosphoglucono lactone
32
What is the main enzyme of the pentose phosphate pathway
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
33
What two pathways are linked
Glycolysis PPP
| Molecules move back-and-forth from each pathway
34
What can turn into ribose five phosphate
Glucose-6-phosphate
35
What can ribose five phosphate turn back into
Glycolysis intermediates
36
What is the link
Transskeletolace and transaldolase
37
Transskeletolace and transaldolase
These enzymes build a reversible link between the pentose phosphate pathway and glycolysis
38
Where is NADPH utilized
Reductive biosynthesis detoxification respiratory burst antioxidant regeneration
39
Reductive biosynthesis
| NADPH as an electron donor
Building fat building cholesterol building steroid hormones building bile salts
40
Building fat building cholesterol building steroid hormones building bile salts
What do you all of these processes require electrons from
NADPH
41
what is the reducing power
NADPH
42
Oxidative reactions are what
Irreversible
43
How are water toxins made soluble for excretion?
By adding electrons and oxygen
| NADPH is the electron donor
44
How are toxins excreted
In the urine
45
What process are they excreted
P450 monooxygenase system in the liver
46
How is the toxin removed from the body
By making it more water soluble and getting out in the urine
47
What does the ER in the liver cells contain
Contain cytochrome p450 mono oxygenase systems
48
What does the p450 mono oxygenase system do
Adds hydroxyl to aromatic and aliphatic compounds
49
By adding the hydroxyl groups to aromatic and aliphatic compounds what does it do to
Makes them water soluble and able to be excreted in the urine
50
What are respiratory bursts
Creating harsh chemistry to kill bad guys non self like bacteria by using electrons from NADPH
51
What takes in more oxygen in respiratory burst
White blood cells
52
What makes very reactive molecules
Oxygen and electrons from NADPH
53
What happens to the reactive molecule and non self bacteria
They are sequestered in a vehicle where the bacteria dies
54
Name the harsh chemistry steps
```
NADPH tin NADP out O2 in and O2- out
Superoxide dismutase (create free radical)
H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide)
Myeloperoxidase
HOCl (hypochlorite acid)
```
55
What's hydrogen peroxide used to create
Recited species to destroy bacteria, viruses, and other non self
56
What does the enzyme myeloperoxidase make
Makes hypochlorite acid from hydrogen peroxide
57
What do you add to antioxidants so they can keep protecting the body from free radicals
Electrons NADPH
58
What are reactive ole uses inactivated by
Antioxidants because they give electrons to reactive molecules
59
What must the antioxidants be given to restore their reducing power
An electron
60
What gives the antioxidants an electron
NADPH REGENERATION
61
A substance that inhibits oxidation and is capable of counteracting he damaging effects of oxidation in body tissue
Antioxidant
62
Atom or molecule that has one or more unpaired electrons
Free radical
63
The unpaired electron is alone in the outer orbital making it very what
Reactive
64
What does ROS stand for
Reactive oxygen species
65
What does RNS stand for
Reactive nitrogen species
66
What are free radicals containing nitrogen or oxygen referred to as
RNS
| ROS
67
See slide
51
68
What do reactive species have the potential to do to other compounds
To oxidize or reduce other compounds
69
Do reactive species always have to be a free radical
No
70
```
Superoxide radical
Hydrogen peroxide
Hydroxyl radical
Carbon centered peroxide hydropeoxyl and lipid perioxides
Singlet molecular oxygen
```
Reactive species
71
Smog ozone chemicals drugs radiation high oxygen concentrations
Generated by multiple events reactive species
72
What are the three common radicals\ reactive species
| KNOW THIS
O2 superoxide
H2O2 hydrogen peroxide
OH hydroxyl
73
What attacks polyunsaturated fat in phospholipids, protein in cells,nuclei. Acids in DNA
Free radicals and reactive species
74
What is a process by which electronically excited molecules are inactivated
Quenching
75
What happens when quenching
Is usually an antioxidant giving an electrons or electrons to the free radical
76
What happens when free radicals are quenched
Antioxidants get oxidized
77
Process by which the antioxidants reducing power is restored
Regeneration
78
What is usually another antioxidant or NADPH giving an electron to the oxidized antioxidant
Regeneration
79
When an antioxidant is regenerated
They are being reduced
80
What do free radicals have that is unpaired and that they want too steal
Electrons
| Free radicals oxidize: protein phospholipids DN A
81
What do antioxidants give electrons to
Free radical
82
Get oxidized
Quench free radicals
Protect proteins phospholipids DNA
Antioxidants
83
what do antioxidants need to be
Regenerated
| NADPH gives electrons to antioxidants
84
What are three important enzymes
Superoxide dismutase
Catalase
Glutathione peroxidase
85
Enzymes are proteins which are
Induce or you can make more of them
86
Superoxide dismutase
Quenches superoxide
87
Catalase
Quenches hydrogen peroxide
88
Glutathione peroxidase
Quenches hydrogen peroxide
89
What's the location of superoxide dismutase
Extracellular
Cytoplasm
Mitochondria
90
What's the function of a SOD superoxide dismutase
Eliminate superoxide
| Produce hydrogen peroxide
91
What does superoxide dismutase require
Zinc
Copper
Manganese (mitochondria)
92
What happens to a superoxide
It's quenched
93
A superoxide radical is not
Lipid soluble
| Do not diffuse too far from their site of production
94
White blood cells
Cytochrome p450( ER has the enzyme cytochrome p450 reductase)
Mitochondrial production (Electron transport chain)
Folate or THF oxygen reactions
Catechu laming oxygen reactions
Is what a superoxide is created by
95
Three things under superoxide radical
Addition of an electron to a molecular oxygen
Created by various things
Not lipid soluble
96
Mitochondrial production
Superoxide can be formed within the electron transport system
97
What increased the Elton transport China effect
Exercise
98
What is the location of a catalase
Mostly in cell peroxisomes (oxidation of very long FAs)
Smaller amounts in: cytoplasm, mitochondria, microsomes
Iron dependent
99
What's the function of a catalase
Eliminate hydrogen peroxide
| Neutrophils have lots of catalase (respiratory burst)
100
What happens to the hydrogen peroxide with a catalase
It is quenched
101
What is the hydrogen peroxide quenched with glutathione peroxidase
Because GPX is active in the cytosol and mitochondria, most hydrogen peroxide is removed this way
102
What's the most important antioxidant
Glutathione
103
Tripeptide is
Glutamate cysteine glycine
104
What does regenerating antioxidants require
Electrons from NADPH
