Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids Flashcards
(104 cards)
1
Q
what is a purine
A
guanine and adenine for both DNA and RNA
2
Q
what is a pyrimidine
A
thymine and cytosine for DNA
uracil and cytosine for RNA
3
Q
what is a nucleoside
A
base + sugar
4
Q
what is a nucleotide
A
base + sugar + phosphate
5
Q
name the free base and nucleotide of the nucleoside Adenosine
A
adenine
AMP-ADP-ATP-cAMP
6
Q
name the free base and nucleotide of the nucleoside Guanosine
A
Guanine
GMP-GDP-GTP-cGMP
7
Q
name the free base and nucleotide of the nucleoside Inosine
A
Hypoxanthine
IMP
8
Q
name the free base and nucleotide of the nucleoside Uridine
A
Uracil
UMP-UDP-UTP
9
Q
name the free base and nucleotide of the nucleoside Cytidine
A
Cytosine
CMP-CDP-CTP
10
Q
name the free base and nucleotide of the nucleoside Thymidine
A
Thymine
TMP-TDP-TTP
11
Q
What do nucleosides end in
A
ine
12
Q
what is needed to synthesize purine nucleotides
A
ATP
13
Q
what is ATP required for each
A
Kinase
synthetase
ring closure step
14
Q
is this a ATP utilizing pathway
A
YES
15
Q
What is the starting material for synthesis of purine nucleotides
A
Ribose 5 phosphate
16
Q
what pathway does Ribose 5 phosphate come from
A
PPP or pentose phosphate pathway
17
Q
what does PRPP stand for
A
Phosphoribosyl 1-phosphate pyrophosphate AKA 5 phosphoribosyl 1 pyrophosphate
18
Q
PRPP does what
A
Nucleotide salvage
biosynthesis of tryptophan and histidine
19
Q
Ribose 5 phophate to
PRPP to
?
A
IMP
20
Q
what is the precursor to other purine nuceotides
A
inosine monophosphate IMP
21
Q
what must be made first to turn into AMP and GMP
A
IMP
22
Q
what does not accumulate significantly within the cell
A
IMP
23
Q
what is IMP the starting material to
A
GMP
AMP
24
Q
what do reactions need
A
nitrogen from glutamine
25
what is the nitrogen donor
glutamine
26
what is the first committed step
5 phosphoribosyl 1 pyrophosphate to 5 phosphoribosylamine
27
what will inhibit reaction
AMP and GMP or increased product will inhibit reaction
28
what is needed
ATP
29
what is the methyl donor
THF Tetrahydrofolate
30
the ATP utilizing step is
5 phosphoribosylamine to glycinamide ribonucletide GAR
31
what is the reaction that is adding a Carbon
GAR to FGAR by adding a methyl group (THF) by enzyme GAR transformylase
32
what is also part of these reactions
glutamine to glutamate
33
ATP utilizing pathway is
FGAR to AIR
34
another ATP utilizing pathway is
AIR to SACAIR
35
what is released
fumarate
36
by adding a carbon what is the reaction
SACAIR to FAICAR
37
what is the precursor
IMP
38
what is the reaction the precursor is found
FAICAR to IMP
39
how many reactions does it take to get to AMP and GMP from IMP
2 reactions
40
what is all used in the pathway
carbon
nitrogen
methyl
41
```
CO2
Aspartate
N10 formyl THF
gluatmine
glycine
Are all steps to what
```
IMP
42
what is brought in
aspartate
43
what inhibits amidophosphoriboooosyl transferase
hypoxanthine
44
T/F
| purine nucleotides are synthesized PREFERENTIALLY by salvage pathways so long as hypoxanthine is available
true
45
what are the three bases to the desired product
Adenine +PRPP +ATP >AMP + PPi
Guanine + PRPP + GTP> AMP + PPi
Hypoxanthine + PRPP > IMP + PPi
46
name the steps
```
PRPP
5 phosphoribosylamine
GAR
FGAR
AIR
SACAIR
FAICAR
IMP > to either AMP or GMP
and all sent back to IMP by either:
Salvage pathways> AMP, GMP, Hypoxanthine
```
47
what happens to nucleotides during degradation of purines to uric acid
nucleotides are converted to nucleosides
48
what happens to nucleosides during degradation of purines to uric acid
nucleosides are converted to free bases
49
what happens to free bases during degradation of purines to uric acid
free bases are converted to a common base (Xanthine)
50
what is the common base
xanthine
51
what happens to xanthine during degradation of purines to uric acid
xanthine is converted to uric acid
52
what happens to uric acid during degradation of purines to uric acid
uric acid is excreted
53
what is the purine monophosphate IMP broken down to a nucleoside called and then what is the name broken down to a free base called
IMP
Inosine
hypoxathine
54
what is the purine monophosphate XMP broken down to a nucleoside called and then what is the name broken down to a free base called
XMP
xanthosine
xanthine
55
what is the purine monophosphate GMP broken down to a nucleoside called and then what is the name broken down to a free base called
GMP
Guanosine
Guanine
56
what is the purine monophosphate AMP broken down to a nucleoside called and then what is the name broken down to a free base called
AMP
Adenosine
Hypoxanthine
57
what is xanthine oxidized to form
uric acid
58
what are the free bases that are converted to a common base xanthine
Guanine
Hypoxanthine
Inosine>Hypoxanthine
Adenosine > Inosine>Hypoxanthine
59
Xanthine to Uric acid by what enzyme
xanthine oxidase
60
what is the final metabolic product of purine catabolism in primates
uric acid
61
what is caused by an accumulation of excess uric acid
gout
62
uric acid has what kind of solubility
low
63
what is gout
precipitation of needle shaped crystals in soft tissue (joints)
64
what is used to treat gout
allopurinol
65
what causes inhibition of xanthine oxidase
allopurinal
66
what is a nitrogen base
a purine or a pyrimidine
67
where is the addition of the sugar ribose from
PRPP
68
what is the initial ring formation in the ATP utilizing pathway
CAD
69
in the ATP utilizing pathway what is oxidation with
with a dehydrogenase
70
where is carbamoyl phosphate from
the urea cycle
71
in the urea cycle where is carbamoyl phosphate from
mitochodrial matrix
72
in the pyrimidine synthesis cycle where is carbamoyl phosphate from
cytosol
73
what is the ring formation enzymes
CAD
Carbomoyl phosphatase synthetase
Aspartate transcarbamoylase
Dihydroorotase
74
what is the first nitrogen donor
glutamine
75
what happens during oxidation with a dehydrogenase
hihydroorotate to orotate by dihydroorotase dehydrogenase with unbiquinone
76
orotate to UMP by ?
adding PRPP and taking away CO2 by UMP synthase
77
what does not donate nitrogen to pyrimidine
glycine
78
what donates to UMP
glutamine
HCO3-
Aspartate
79
what donates nitrogen
glutamine
80
UTP to CTP by CTP synthetase is
amination of UTP
81
CTP synthesis to what enzymes by what reactants
UMP > UDP
CMP > CDP
both are to UMP Kinase
UDP > UTP
CDP > CTP
both are to Nucleotide diphosphskinase
82
what is not salvaged in humans
cytosine
83
what does have some cytosine deaminase
bacteria and fungi
84
what is converted to fluorouracil which is toxic and what is it converted by
fluorocytosine is converted to flourouracil by cytosine deaminase
85
what are the salvage pathways of pyrimidines
uracil + PRPP > UMP + PPi
| thymidine + ATP > TMP + PPi
86
what is the enzyme in the formation of deoxynucleotides
ribonucleotide reductase
87
ribonucleotide reductase does what to NDP
turns it into dNDP
88
adenine, guanine, and uracil
direct reduction of the 2' hydroxyl group
| enzyme is ribonucleotide reductase
89
how is deoxy-TMP or TMP unique to DNA
has its own special pathway
| still utilizes ribonucleotide reductase
90
what is TMP
Thymidine monophosphate
91
what does the reduction of ribonucleotides to deoxynucleotides only occur as
diphosphates not monophosphates
92
thymidine synthesis name the pathway
```
UMP
UDP
dUDP
dUTP (add a methyl donor THF)
dUMP
TMP
TDP
TTP
```
93
5 important things for thymidine synthesis
1) separate pathway
2) main enzyme is thymidylate synthase
3) folic acid is a coenyzme
4) methyl group difference THP
5) NADPH is utilized
94
what is the donor that donates:
N for purines
N and C for pyrimidines
aspartate
95
Name the donor that donates:
N for purines
N for pyrimidines
Glutamine
96
Name the donor that donates:
| N for purines
Glycine
97
Name the donor that donates:
| C for pyrimidines
Bicarbonate
98
Name the donor that donates:
| C for purines
Carbon dioxide
99
Name the donor that donates:
C for purines
C for pyrimidine (thymidine)
Folic acid (THF)
100
what are the raw materials for making nucleotides
nitrogen donors= GAG
sugar donor= ribose form from the PPP
Carbon donor= folic acid, AA, CO2, bicarbonate, THF
Energy donor= ATP
101
what is the precursor purine nucleotide
IMP to AMP and/or GMP
102
What is the precursor pyrimidine nucleotide
UMP to CMP and/or TMP
103
purine degradtion
common base= xanthine
metabolic pathway fro excretion= uric acid or urate
to much uric aciod= precipitation of uric acid crystals= gout
104
PRPP
ribose with a phosphate and a pyrophosphate
| used to creat both purine and pyrimidine nucleotides
