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Biochemistry 2 > gluconeogensis > Flashcards

gluconeogensis Flashcards

(103 cards)

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1
Q

gluconeogensis occurs when blood glucose is low

A

starvation
not eating carbs
exercise

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2
Q

what hormone stimulates gluconeogensis

A

glucagon

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3
Q

what hormone inhibits gluconeogensis

A

insulin

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4
Q

what is used to make glucose

A

primarily AA
lactic acid
alanine

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5
Q

what happens prior to gluconeogensis

A

glycogen degradation

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6
Q

what are the main entry points to gluconeogensis

A

pyruvate
oxaloacetate
DHAP

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7
Q

what are the main non carb precursors

A

lactic acid
a keto acids from metabolism AA
glycerol

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8
Q

gluconeogensis pathway

A

pyruvate to glucose

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9
Q

what requires glucose

A 
brain 
red blood cells
testes
medulla of kidney 
cornea of eye 
muscle (during high intensity exercise)
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10
Q

what requires the most BMR

A

the BRAIN

liver kidney and heart use the 60-700% of REE

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11
Q

glucose vs fatty acid oxidation in the brain

A

high O2 demand FA oxidation
superoxide
FA oxidation slow the glycolysis
lactate shuttle

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12
Q

where is the primary location of gluconeogensis

A

liver 90%
renal cortex
small intestine

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13
Q

how do you make gluconeogensis favorable

A

alternative enzymes (cytosol and mitochondria)
coupled RXNS
ATP

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14
Q

what are glycolysis irreversible reactions

A

hexokinase
phosphofructokinase
pyruvate kinase

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15
Q

how many reactions are reversible in glycolysis

A

7

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16
Q

First obstacle in glycolysis

A

phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate

By: pyruvate kinase (ADP to ATP)

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17
Q

happening in the mitochondria; Pyruvate to oxaloacetate by?

A

Pyruvate carboxylase
coenzyme: Biotin
(take away ATP)

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18
Q

where is pyruvate carboxylase present

A

in mitochondria of liver and kidney

also present in muscle but does not synthesize glucose (uses OAA produced as intermediate in krebs)

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19
Q

where is pyruvate sent

A

to mitochondria

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20
Q

whats the precursor for pyruvate carboxylase

A

pyruvate or alanine

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21
Q

what is pyruvate converted to

A

oxaloacetate

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22
Q

what is pyruvate carboxylase required enzyme

A

biotin

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23
Q

where does oxaloacetate need to get into

A

get into the cytosol through the malate shuttle

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24
Q

in the mitochondrial matrix; pyruvate is transferred to what and then that is transferred to what

A

pyruvate to oxaloacetate(pyruvate carboxylase) to malate (malate dehydrogenase)

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25
in the cytosol; malate is transferred to what then to what
malate to oxaloacetate (malate dehydrogenase) to phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP carboxylase)
26
when is acetyl CoA produced
during FA oxidation
27
what does acetyl CoA stimulate
pyruvate carboxylase
28
what does elevated Acetyl CoA in the mitochondria signal
a need for more OAA in the cell
29
PEP carboxylase is dependent on what
MG+
30
if lactate was the precursor the reaction happens where
in the mitochondria aand PEP will be transported to the cytosol
31
what are two high energy compounds required to overcome the 1st obstacle
ATP-1st | GTP-2nd
32
what does the malate shuttle do
pyruvate or alanine precursor provides reducing power in the cytosol for later reactions NADH
33
what pathway makes glucose
gluconeogensis
34
lactate as a precursor
anerobic glycolysis | erythrocyte glycolysis
35
does lactate need a malate shuttle to go to pyruvate
no; this also happens in the cytosol and yields NADH
36
what is still sent to the mitochondria
pyruvate to make pyruvate carboxylase PEP carboxylase occur in mitochondira PEP then transported to cytosol
37
what is not a substrate for gluconeogensis
leucine
38
what is not a irreversible step of glycolysis
phosphoglyecerate kinase
39
the 2nd obstacle to overcome; Fructose 1-6 bisphosphate to Fructose 6 phosphate by what
fructose 1-6 bisphosphatase and is MG+ dependent
40
the third obstacle to overcome; glucose to glucose 6 phosphate by
glucokinase (ATP to ADP)
41
glucose 6 phosphate to glucose by
glucose 6 phosphatase MG+ dependent releases a free P
42
what does not release glucose
muscle because it does not have G6P
43
what can release glucose
the liver because it has G6P
44
enzymes for glycolysis and gluconeogensis:
Glucokinase>G^P Phosphofructokinase>Fructose 16 Bisphosphatase Pyruvate kinase> PEP carboxylase or pyruvate carboxylase
45
what is gluconeogensis
it is energetically expensive
46
for each glucose formed from pyruvate there are
6 high energy phosphate groups: 4 ATP 2 GTP 2 NADH
47
what are the gluconeogenic substrates
glyerol- backbone TG lactic acid- waste product glycolysis a-ketoacids(more to come)
48
derived from glycogenic AA pyruvate OAA a ketoglutarate can enter into the TCA forming OAA OAA is the direct recursor to PEP
a ketoacids
49
what does glycerol form the backbone for
TG hydrolysis of TG in adipose transported in blood to the liver
50
what can glycerol also be converted to
glucose
51
what is not a major source of glucose
glycerol
52
glycerol to glycerol phosphate by:
glycerol kinase
53
glycerol phosphate to DHAP by:
Glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase
54
glycolysis stimulators
``` glucose insulin AMP ADP NAD+ F 2 6 BP ```
55
glycolysis inhibitors
``` ATP NADH Glucagon Pyruvate Lactate Alanine Citrate ```
56
gluconeogenis stimulators
glucagon Acetyl CoA Citrate
57
gluconeogensis inhibitors
glucose inulin AMP ADP F 2 6 BP
58
muscle conditions during exercise
exercise lowers ATP
59
muscle active pathways during exercise
``` glycogen breakdown Glut 4 translocation Glycolysis TAG breakdown Beta oxidation AA oxidation Krebs ```
60
liver conditions during exercise
Glucagon | High ATP
61
Liver active pathways during exercise
Glycogen breakdown Gluconeogensis Urea cycle
62
What is the lactic acid cycle also called
Cori cycle
63
What is the lactic acid cycle
Exercise: anaerobic glycolysis produces lactate
64
Where is lactate released from
Working muscle | And also RBC
65
Where is lactate transported to
The liver to become glucose
66
Where does the glucose return to
Returns to the muscle
67
Muscle glycogen to
Glucose 6P
68
Glucose 6P to
Krebs or lactate
69
Lactate to where
The liver to turn to pyruvate
70
Pyruvate to what
Glucose then back to the muscle
71
What lowers blood glucose
Exercise
72
What's secreted in response to low blood glucose
Glucagon
73
What's lactate released by
Muscle
74
Where is lactate transported to
The liver
75
What is stimulated by glucagon
GNG (liver)
76
What is lactate to pyruvate enzyme
Lactate dehydrogenase
77
Where is glucose released into
The blood
78
Where does glucose return to
The muscle
79
Lactate to glucose is what
GNG
80
What are most AA classified as
Glucogenic
81
A ketoacids are
Carbon skeletons of AA
82
What's the primary source of glucose from GNG at rest and during fasting
A ketoacids
83
What is sit kited by starvation or low carbs intake
The conversion of AA into glucose
84
What is a AA turned into before it becomes glucose
A ketoacids
85
Where do a ketoacids come from
AA break down
86
What are the essential glucogenic AA
``` Think MAV H PITT Methionine Arginine Valine Histidine Phenylalanine Isoleucine Tryptophan Threonine ```
87
What happens to a ketoacids depends upon what
Energy charge Hormones glucagon insulin Glucose concentration Tissue liver versus muscle
88
What are amino groups transferred from
Glutamate to pyruvate
89
Where is alanine transported to
The liver
90
What is alanine converted back to
Pyruvate for GNG
91
Where is glucose transported back to
Muscle
92
Alanine is a BLANK and converted to pyruvate which is a BLANK
AA | A ketoacids
93
Insulin inhibits what
GNG
94
Glucagon stimulates what
GNG LIVER
95
Insulin does what
B cells of the pancreas Lowers blood sugar Stimulate glucose utilizing pathways
96
Glucagon does what
A cells of the pancreas Elevated blood sugar Stimulates pathways that do it need glucose
97
What does F26BP Stimulate
Glycolysis | PFK in the liver
98
What does F26BP inhibit
GNG | F16BP
99
What decreases F26BP
Glucagon
100
Muscle contracts and uses ATP Low energy charge Lowers blood glucose
Exercise sequence part 1
101
Low energy charge
``` Stimulates glycogen breakdown Stimulate glycolysis (more lactic acid, more alanine) Stimulate krebs Stimulate glucose entry into muscle ```
102
Secrete glucagon
Exercise sequence part 2
103
Secrete glucagon
Stimulate glycogen breakdown in the liver Stimulates GNG in the liver (uses lactic acid and alanine in the liver) Inhibits glycogen synthesis in the liver Slows down glycolysis in the liver

Biochemistry 2 (13 decks)

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