Chordata Flashcards
(221 cards)
1
Q
Urochordata example
A
Tunicates (sea squirts)
2
Q
Tunicates (sea squirts) mode of nutrition
A
Filter feeder
3
Q
What is absent in adult tunicates (sea squirts)
A
Notochord and dorsal tubular nerve cord
4
Q
Examples of cephalochordata
A
Amphioxus, lancelets
5
Q
For cephalochordates what stages are the notochord and dorsal tubular cord present?
A
Adult and larval stages
6
Q
Seven vertebrate classes
A
Agnatha (which is myxini and caphalospidomorphi combined) Chondrichthyes Osteichthyes Amphibia Reptilia Aves Mammalia
7
Q
What classes are ectothermic?
A
All except aves and mammalia
8
Q
What classes are endothermic
A
Aves and mammalia
9
Q
What classes use external fertilization?
A
Agnatha, Chondrichthyes, Osteichthyes, amphibia
10
Q
What classes use internal fertilization?
A
Reptilia, aves, mammalia
11
Q
What classes have 2 chamber hearts?
A
All the fish classes.
12
Q
What classes have 3 chambered hearts?
A
Amphibia and reptilia
13
Q
What classes have 4 chambered hearts?
A
Aves and mammalia
14
Q
Oviparous
A
Egg is laid and young hatch outside mother
15
Q
Ovoviviparous
A
Mother keeps eggs inside her and eggs hatch inside her, then leave
16
Q
Viviparous
A
Live young are born from mother.
17
Q
What classes are made of cartilage
A
Agnatha, Chondrichthyes
18
Q
What classes are made of bone?
A
Osteichthyes, amphibia, reptilia, aves, mammalia
19
Q
Common name of myxini
A
Hagfish
20
Q
Common name of cephalospidomorphi
A
Lamprey
21
Q
Common name of Chondrichthyes
A
Cartilaginous fish
22
Q
Common name of Osteichthyes
A
Bony fish
23
Q
Defining vertebrate characteristics
A
Have vertebra, 2 pair appendages, endoskeleton, 2 body regions (head and trunk), 2 pairs of girdles, 2 Integument layers
24
Q
What does Agnatha mean?
A
Without jaws
25
What is the defining thing of the hagfish
It's super slimy
26
What's the defining thing of the lamprey
It's REALLY SCARY MOUTH THAT CLAMPS ONTO THINGS
27
Examples of Chondrichthyes
Sharks, skates, Rays
28
Placoid scales
Scales of a shark that point backward, like the teeth do
29
Enamel
Covers shark teeth and scales
30
What is the function of the shark's paired pectoral and pelvic fins?
Balance
31
What kind of intestines do sharks have?
Spiral intestines
32
What good are spiral intestines
More surface area
33
What must sharks do to keep water moving over gills and through spiracles?
They must keep swimming
34
Olfactory lobes
Part of the brain that identifies smell
35
Lateral line
Line of sensory cells on shark's side.
36
What do lateral lines do?
Detect sound waves or vibrations.
37
Ampulla of Lorenzin
Jelly filled sacs beneath pores in shark's head that detect electromagnetic fields and temp changes
38
What is the sharks reproductive structure xalled
Claspers
39
What are the two kinds of shark reproductive methods
Ovoviviparous or oviparous
40
What are the four major characteristics of chordates?
Notochord, dorsal hollow nerve chord, pharyngeal pouches (gill slits), post anal tail
41
What does Osteichthyes mean
Bony fish
42
What are the three Osteichthyes body regions
Head trunk tail
43
What happens to fish scales as the fish grows larger
The fish scale also grows larger and gains rings.
44
Chromatophores
Pigment containing cells in the Integument
45
Pectoral fin
Steering, braking
46
Pelvic fin
Braking steering
47
Caudal fin
Propulsion
48
Dorsal fin
Balance
49
Oral fin
Balance
50
Operculum
Bony structure that protects fish gills
51
Swim bladder
Sac filled with gas that controls buoyancy
52
How many total chambers does a fish heart have
4
53
How many pumping chambers does a fish heart have
2
54
Name the four fish heart chambers
Sinus venosus, atrium, ventricle, bulbous arterious
55
Olfactory lobe
Interprets smells
56
Optic lobe
Interprets visual stimuli
57
Medulla oblongata
Involuntary body processes
58
Cerebrum
Cognitive functioning
59
Cerebellum
Movement coordination
60
Why is spawning in shallow water an advantage?
Less predators for young, lots of small organism and vegetation, no currents, warmer
61
Anadromous
Can live in marine and fresh water
62
What does amphibious mean
Living on both sides
63
2 things that moved amphibians onto land
Fewer predators
| Less competition
64
How do amphibians survive the less dense air
Stronger muscles, sturdier bones
65
How do amphibians avoid dessication
Internal respiration system
Added keratin to skin
More concentrated, less watery urine
66
Why did amphibians have to survive water and terrestrial
Devonian period had extreme periods of wet and dry
67
3 major amphibian groups
Anurans
Urodelons
Apoda
68
Apoda example
Caecilians
69
Apoda description
Wormlike legless amphibians, live underground
70
Urodela example
Salamanders and newts
71
Anura example
Frogs and toads
72
Serous gland
Skin poison producing gland in amphibians
73
Three types of Chromatophores in amphibians.
Xanthophores
Iridophores
Melanophores
74
Xanthophores
Red orange yellow color. High in dermis
75
Iridophores
Silver light reflecting. Middle dermis.
76
Melanophores
Black or brown. Lower dermis.
77
What kinds of chambers do frog hearts have
2 atria and one ventricle
78
Pulmonary
Pumps blood to lungs (deoxygenated)
79
Systemic
Pumps blood to body (oxygenated)
80
Amplexus
Amphibian mating embrace
81
Tympanic membrane
Eardrum of frogs
82
Eustachian tubes
Help adjust pressure quickly to maintain balance
83
How are Eustachian tubes beneficial to amphibians
They change from water to air quickly.
84
Nictitating membrane
Waterproof eye covering
85
Amniotic egg
Egg with a porous shell and protective water membrane around little baby
86
Amnion
Membrane around embryo
87
Yolk sac
Enclosed yolk
88
Allantois
Stores embryo waste
89
Chorion
Encloses the entire egg
90
What is special about reptile skin?
It is waterproof because of all the keratin in it.
91
What are the two purposes of lizard claws,
Digging and climbing
92
Do reptiles have a diaphragm?
No
93
What is reptile waste called?
Unic acid
94
What does double circulation do?
Does a better job of separating oxygenated and deoxygenated blood.
95
What is special about alligator and crocodile hears
4 chambers
96
Anapsid
No temporal opening. Seen in turtles.
97
Diapsid
2 pairs of temporal opening. Reptiles and birds.
98
Synapsids
Single pair of temporal opening. Mammals.
99
What are the 4 reptile orders
Rhynchocephalia
Crocodilia
Chelonia
Squamata
100
Example of rhynchocephalia
Tuatara. Only the tuatara.
101
Parietal eye
3rd eye on top of tuatara head. Detects temperature.
102
Tortoise habitat
Land
103
Turtle habitat
Water
104
Carapace
Top covering of chelonia
| Fused with vertebra and ribs
105
Plastron
Ventral or belly of chelonia
106
What egg temps get what kinds of babies in turtles
Low gets males high gets females
107
Squamata examples
Lizards and snakes
108
Chelonia examples
Turtles and tortoises
109
Describe the snake body covering
Loose layer of folded skin covered in hard scales.
110
Jacobson's organ
Sense organ in snakes that allows them to smell. Tongue brings odor particles tk the two pits in the mouth.
111
How do snakes Breathe while eating
Have a glottis at the bottom of their mouth.
112
Viper fangs
Tubular fangs that pop out
113
Elapids fangs
Short permanently erect fangs
114
What group of organisms are believed to be the ancestors of birds?
Reptiles
115
What is the largest vertebrate groups?
Osteichthyes
116
What suggest birds and reptiles are related
Talons and claws, scales (feathers are modified scales), amniotic eggs, Diapsid skulls
117
How does archaepteryx support the idea of birds evolving from reptiles
Has reptile bone structure but shows evidence of feathers and wings. Has fused clavicle usually found in birds.
118
Paleognathe
Flightless birds. Ex: ostrich and kiwi
119
Neognathe
Flying birds. Like almost every bird I can think of.
120
Why are bird bones hollow
Aids in flight by making them lighter.
121
Why are bird bones fused with joints
Helps strengthen bones
122
What does the keel do
Allow for larger pectoral muscles.
123
Why did birds evolve flight
New nutritional mode
Defensive and offensive advantages
Reduces competition
124
Follicle
Pit in bird skin. Area where feather develops.
125
Quill
First structure that directly emerges from follicle. It's hollow.
126
Shaft
Continuation of quill where remaining structures will attach
127
Barbs
First individual branches on each side of shaft
128
Barbules
Smaller branches emerging from barbs.
129
Preening
Birds use beaks to rub their feathers with oil.
130
Molting
Birds replace old feathers.
131
Down feathers
Cover nesting birds and provide insulation
132
Contour feather
Give Adult bird streamline shape and insulation
133
Flight feather
Specialized contour feathers on wings and tail
134
Filoplume
Hair like pin feathers
135
Bristle feather
Filter out dust before it enters the nostril
136
Powder down feather
Tips disintegrate as they grow and release waterproofing powder.
137
What do wing slots do
Prevent stalling
138
What two forces does flight require
Vertical lifting force and horizontal thrusting force
139
Alula
Group of small feathers on the thumb that are slotted
140
Elliptical wings
Slotted between primary feathers, broad wings. Found on forest maneuvering birds.
141
High speed wings
No wingtip slotting and have a sweep back
142
Soaring wings
Long narrow wings that lack wing slots
143
High lift wings
Broad wings with wing slots and alulas for birds that carry heavy loads.
144
Route of food through a bird
Mouth esophagus crop proventriculus gizzard small intestine large intestine rectum cloaca
145
Salt glands
Excrete excess salt since kidneys can't do that very well
146
Cloaca
Releases waste and reproductive matter
147
2 parts of bird stomach
Proventriculus and gizzard
148
Bird airway in order
Mouth trachea syrinx posterior air sacs parabronchi anterior air sacs
149
Syrinx
Bird voice box
150
Parabronchi
Bird lungs
151
Why is the bird respiratory arrangement good
Gives them a continuous flow of oxygen so that they can make all the ATP they need.
152
Which way does the aorta point on birds?
To the right.
153
Which way does the aorta point for mammals?
To the left.
154
What stimulates bird migration away from the equator
Production of sex hormones
155
Precocial
Baby birds covered in down that can function immediately after hatching
156
Altricial
Naked helpless baby birds that need to remain in nest
157
How did early mammals survive while dinosaurs were present
Lived underground in forest while being nocturnal and eating insects
158
Under hair
Dense soft hair for insulation
159
Guard hair
Coarse and long hair for protection
160
Vibrissae
Modified hair, also called whiskers
161
Quill
Modified hair used for protection
162
2 kinds of Sweat gland
Eccrine and apocrine
163
Eccrine gland
Secretes watery swear fluid to cool the body
164
Apocrine
Secretes white or yellowish milky sweat that. Develops dirig puberty.
165
Scent glands
Used for communication
166
Sebaceous gland
Located in follicles, helps keep skin and hair pliable
167
Mammary glands
Produces milk
168
Incisors
Good for biting and cutting
169
Canines
Good for piercing and tearing
170
Premolars
Shearing and slicing
171
Molars
Crushing and grinding
172
Homodonts
All teeth are the same. Like reptiles.
173
Diphyodonts
Grow two sets of teeth
174
True horn
Hollow keratin sheath around bone core. Not usually shed or branches. Found on sheep or cattle.
175
Antlers
Branches, solid bone when mature, shed, covered in skin called velvet while growing. Found on deer.
176
Rhinoceros horn
Made of hair.
177
All mammals share what two characteristics
Hair at some point
| Mammary glands
178
Monotremata
Lay eggs. Only three species. Duck billed platypus, echidna.
179
Marsupialia
Give birth to immature young that climb into mother's pouch until they are mature enough to survive outside.
180
Placental mammals
Carry unborn in uterus and are nourished by placenta
181
What is special about reptile skin?
It is waterproof because of all the keratin in it.
182
What are the two purposes of lizard claws,
Digging and climbing
183
Do reptiles have a diaphragm?
No
184
What is reptile waste called?
Unic acid
185
What does double circulation do?
Does a better job of separating oxygenated and deoxygenated blood.
186
What is special about alligator and crocodile hears
4 chambers
187
Anapsid
No temporal opening. Seen in turtles.
188
Diapsid
2 pairs of temporal opening. Reptiles and birds.
189
Synapsids
Single pair of temporal opening. Mammals.
190
What are the 4 reptile orders
Rhynchocephalia
Crocodilia
Chelonia
Squamata
191
Example of rhynchocephalia
Tuatara. Only the tuatara.
192
Parietal eye
3rd eye on top of tuatara head. Detects temperature.
193
Tortoise habitat
Land
194
Turtle habitat
Water
195
Carapace
Top covering of chelonia
| Fused with vertebra and ribs
196
Plastron
Ventral or belly of chelonia
197
What egg temps get what kinds of babies in turtles
Low gets males high gets females
198
Squamata examples
Lizards and snakes
199
Chelonia examples
Turtles and tortoises
200
Describe the snake body covering
Loose layer of folded skin covered in hard scales.
201
Jacobson's organ
Sense organ in snakes that allows them to smell. Tongue brings odor particles tk the two pits in the mouth.
202
How do snakes Breathe while eating
Have a glottis at the bottom of their mouth.
203
Viper fangs
Tubular fangs that pop out
204
Elapids fangs
Short permanently erect fangs
205
What group of organisms are believed to be the ancestors of birds?
Reptiles
206
What is the largest vertebrate groups?
Osteichthyes
207
What suggest birds and reptiles are related
Talons and claws, scales (feathers are modified scales), amniotic eggs, Diapsid skulls
208
How does archaepteryx support the idea of birds evolving from reptiles
Has reptile bone structure but shows evidence of feathers and wings. Has fused clavicle usually found in birds.
209
Paleognathe
Flightless birds. Ex: ostrich and kiwi
210
Neognathe
Flying birds. Like almost every bird I can think of.
211
Why are bird bones hollow
Aids in flight by making them lighter.
212
Why are bird bones fused with joints
Helps strengthen bones
213
What does the keel do
Allow for larger pectoral muscles.
214
Why did birds evolve flight
New nutritional mode
Defensive and offensive advantages
Reduces competition
215
Follicle
Pit in bird skin. Area where feather develops.
216
Quill
First structure that directly emerges from follicle. It's hollow.
217
Shaft
Continuation of quill where remaining structures will attach
218
Barbs
First individual branches on each side of shaft
219
Barbules
Smaller branches emerging from barbs.
220
Preening
Birds use beaks to rub their feathers with oil.
221
Molting
Birds replace old feathers.
