Platyhelminthes Flashcards
(150 cards)
0
Q
What are the key evolutionary advances of Platyhelminthes?
A
Organs and bilateral symmetry
1
Q
What is the common name of Platyhelminthes?
A
Flatworms
2
Q
What kind of coelom does a flatworm have
A
ACoelomate
3
Q
What is the boy description of a flatworm
A
Flat, non segmented.
4
Q
Systems present in flatworms
A
Nervous, excretory, digestive
5
Q
Symmetry of flatworms
A
Bilateral
6
Q
Are flatworms cephalized
A
Yes
7
Q
What does triploblastic mean
A
They have all three germ layers
8
Q
Are roundworms triploblastic
A
Yes
9
Q
Are flatworms triploblastic
A
Yes
10
Q
Tegument
A
Outer non cellular covering of flatworms.
11
Q
What lies beneath the Tegument?
A
The epidermis
12
Q
What are the three types of muscles in flatworms
A
Circular longitudinal oblique
13
Q
Where are the gland cells
A
In the epidermis
14
Q
Do flatworms have a complete or incomplete digestive system
A
Incomplete
15
Q
What is an incomplete digestive system
A
No way “out” aka no anus.
16
Q
What is a complete digestive system.
A
One way in, one way out. Has an anus.
17
Q
What are the digestive organs of a flatworm
A
Mouth pharynx intestines
18
Q
What is the nutritional mode of flatworms
A
Mainly carnivores
19
Q
What is excretion and osmoregulation
A
The waste and water releasing system
20
Q
Protoneohridia
A
Means first nephridia, aka first kidney.
21
Q
Flame cells
A
Flagellated cells that collect water
22
Q
Weir
A
The network of Protoneohridia that form series of tubes that connect with nephridiophores to empty waste.
23
Q
Nephridiophores
A
Holes that allow waste to be emptied
24
Ganglion
Collection of neurons found in the anterior end.
25
Longitudinal nerves
1-5 of them run from the ganglia down the length of the body. They are connected by transverse nerves in a ladder pattern.
26
How do flatworms respirate
Respirate through their skin.
27
Turbellaria
Planarians
28
Trematoda
Flukes
29
Cestoda
Tapeworms
30
Monogenea
Parasitic flukes
31
Planarian habitat
Mostly aquatic some on land
32
Are planarians parasitic
No, all non parasitic
33
What is special about the epidermis of planarians.
They have a ciliated epidermis with gland cells that secret mucous.
34
What does the mucous do for the planarian.
It creates more friction for the movement of the planarian.
35
Circular muscles
Contract to become long and skinny
36
Longitudinal muscles
Shorter and girthier
37
Oblique muscles
Allows for twisting and turning
38
Auricles
Sense chemical smell and taste, super sensitive to touch.
39
When does mucous secretions increase in the planarian?
They increase 5x when prey is sensed.
40
Why do mucous secretions increase?
To help trap prey.
41
What happens to the undigested food in the intestines.
It is regurgitated through the mouth.
42
Ocelli
Light sensing
43
Auricles
Sense chemicals smell and taste
44
Fragmentation/fission
Planarian constricts behind the pharynx and splits into two.
45
Why does fissioning occur
Reduced population density
46
Regeneration
Planarian regrows missing parts
47
Are planarians monoecious or dioecious
Monoecious
48
Genital pore
Pore that provides access to the genitals.
49
Endolecithal
Yolk is inside the egg with the zygote.
50
Which flatworm has Endolecithal eggs
Planarians
51
Mode of nutrition flukes
Parasites
52
Who has thick teguments and suckers?
Flukes
53
Why is a thick Tegument an advantage?
Protests flukes from dangerous chemicals in the host body.
54
What adhesion organs do flukes have
Suckers and hooks
55
What do flukes feed on
Host cells, cell fragments, tissue fluids.
56
What is the nervous system of flukes?
Same as planarian.
57
Why do flukes not have special sensory organs?
They don't hunt for prey they just attach to their host.
58
Intermediate host
Where parasitic organism is still not mature
59
Definitive host
Where parasitic organism lives while an adult.
60
What happens when two adult flukes meet?
They fertilize each other.
61
What adds yolk to the egg of planarians.
Vitellaria
62
Ectolecithal
Yolk is found outside developing embryo.
63
Miracidium
Tiny ciliated larvae inside the fluke egg. They lay dormant until eaten by an organism.
64
Sporocyst
Miracidium burrows into organisms tissue and becomes a Sporocyst.
65
Redia
Produced when sporocyst reproduce asexually.
66
Cercaria
Redia reproduces asexually creating the larval cercaria. (Which can swim)
67
Metacercarial cyst
Cercaria will transform into this. Host the larvae for an extended period of time.
68
What happens when the metacercarial cyst reaches the definitive host?
It exycyst (leaves cyst) and is an adult fluke.
69
Chinese liver flukes
Important to humans because it causes cirrhosis of the liver. Raw fish.
70
Blood fluke
Causes schistosomiasis, a blood fluke infection. Penetrate the skin of humans.
71
Tapeworms mode of nutrition
Parasitic
72
Who has well developed muscles, no special sense organs, and regular excretory and nervous system?
Tapeworms.
73
Scolex
Tapeworm head. Knob shape with suckers surrounding it, and ring of hooks at the anterior end.
74
How do tapeworms obtain and digest food?
Absorb it through their skin.
75
What covers the body of the tapeworm
Microtriches and microvilli. No external cilia.
76
How do microtriches aid in obtaining nutrients from the host?
Increase the surface area b
77
Strobila
Chain of proglittids that make up the tapeworm body.
78
Proglittid
Each is composed of reproductive organs.
79
Germinative zone
Area where new proglittids form
80
How are metabolic waste removed in tapeworms?
Diffused through body wall.
81
What kind of lecithal development do tapeworms have.
Ectolecithal
82
Gravid
Proglittid that is filled with eggs.
83
What is the key evolutionary advance of roundworms.
Pseudocoelomate
84
Name all pseudocoelomate phylums
Just roundworms.
85
Where are roundworms found
Everywhere
86
Nutritional mode of nematods
Everything except filter feeders.
87
What is the common name of nematoda
Roundworms.
88
Hydrostatic skeleton
Pseudocoel filled with water that is under high pressure.
89
What muscle do roundworms have
Longitudinal ONLY
90
How does pseudocoel help with circulation
Intersectional fluid allows molecules to move around body.
91
How does organ function get helped by pseudocoel
Fluid protects against organs getting smashed.
92
Body wall of roundworms
Thick cuticle layer
93
What is the thick cuticle made of
Collagen
94
What is beneath the cuticle
Epidermis
95
How do roundworms respirate
Diffuse through moist body wall.
96
Sensory papillae
Receive physical stimuli.
97
Where are sensory papillae.
Around the head and tail.
98
Amphids
Sensory organs that receive chemical stimuli.
99
Where are amphids found.
On the head.
100
Phasmids
Amphids but on the posterior.
101
Where is te makes general pore on roundworms.
On the posterior.
102
Penial spines
Copulatory spines that help attach male to female.
103
Ameboid sperm
Help sperm move against high turgor pressure of female.
104
Excretion and osmoregulation of roundworms.
Two lateral tubes running longitudinally. Water is let out excretory pore.
105
Ascaris
Found in horses and pigs. Enters host through improperly cooked meat. Causes gastrointestinal pain.
106
Hookworms
Burrows through host flesh. Causes anemia and delays in children.
107
Filarial worms
Live in lymphatic system. Cause elephantiasis.
108
Pinworm
Causes anal itching.
109
Trichina
Creates a nurse cell and causes muscle paralysis.
110
Nurse cell
Cell taken over by a parasite that stops producing for itself and feeds the parasite.
111
Roundworm classes
Adenophorea and secernentea
112
Mouth
Eating, where food enters.
113
Pharynx
Sucks the food in.
114
Intestines.
Where the food is extracellularly digested and absorbed.
115
Rectum
Where waste collects
116
Anus
Where waste leaves.
117
What are roundworms sperm lacking
Flagella
118
What is the female roundworms general pore called
Vulva
119
Where is the vulva found on the female.
In the middle of her ventral surface.
120
What does the cuticle help do
Keeps the strong turgor pressure in the roundworm from keeping them from blowing up.
121
What are the symptoms of elephantiasis.
Intense swelling rotting of the flesh
122
What level of organization are roundworms and flatworms on
The organ level
123
What is fencing
When two planarians fight to copulate
124
What is copulation
Release of the sperm
125
What special reproductive organ do planarians have.
Double penises
126
What do planarians put their eggs in.
Cocoons.
127
What is the genital pore
Where the sexual organs have access to the outer world.
128
How do planarians reproduce.
Stab each other with their penises until one consents to being impregnated.
129
Why do planarians not like being pregnant?
It's rough for their bodies and can lead to death.
130
Do planarians fertilize each other?
No, only one gets fertilized.
131
What does the winning planarian do?
Creates an enzyme to eat up the sperm in its body.
132
What digestive organs do flukes have?
Mouth, pharynx, intestines.
133
What digestive organs do tapeworms have?
None.
134
What do flukes lack?
Ocelli
135
What does stomach acid do to fluke cyst?
It eats up the cyst that covers the lil fluke and wakes it up.
136
Are tapeworms monoecious or dioecious
Monoecious
137
Do proglottids have one or both kinds of sex organs?
Both, but not at the same time.
138
What sex does each proglottid become first.
Male.
139
What sex does each proglottid become second.
Female.
140
What happens to the gravid?
It reaches the end of the chain and falls off.
141
What happens when the proglottid dries out?
It releases eggs.
142
What happens when the tapeworm eggs are eaten.
They form cyst in the muscles of the host and wait to be eaten.
143
What happens when cyst are eaten by a definitive host.
They hatch and begin the adults life.
144
Examples of roundworms
Filarial worms, guinea worms, pinworms.
145
How do roundworms move.
One side of the body contracts muscles which causes the other side to bulge and stretch.
146
How many species of roundworms
12,000 known
147
How many speculated species of roundworms
500,000
148
Where do parasitic roundworms lay eggs.
In the feces of the host.
149
What is the major host of ascaris.
Pigs.
