Unit 4 Botany pt. 2 (not Plant Reproduction) Flashcards
(214 cards)
0
Q
Why are plants different from animals?
A
Plants photosynthesize, plant cells have cell wall, plants have chloroplast, animals have lysosomes.
1
Q
What are the 5 kingdoms?
A
Animalia, Protista, plantae, fungi, bacteria/monera
2
Q
Why are plants different from bacteria?
A
Plants make their own food (autotroph), while fungi are heterotrophs (decompose other food), plants can photosynthesize, plants have cell walls with cellulose, fungi have cell walls made of chitin.
3
Q
What separates plants from algae/Protista
A
Plants have stomata, algae does not. Algae are almost exclusive to water, plants are mainly terrestrial. All plants are multi-cellular, most algae are unicellular. Plants use spores and alternation of generations to reproduce.
4
Q
What are the levels of classification hierarchy for everything EXCEPT plants?
A
Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species.
5
Q
What is the classification hierarchy for PLANTS ONLY?
A
Kingdom, DIVISION, class, order, genus, species.
6
Q
How does the classification hierarchy differ in plants?
A
Has divisions instead of phylum.
7
Q
How do you write a scientific name?
A
Genus + species, then either underlined or italicized.
8
Q
What major grouping is Hepatophyta in?
A
Non-vascular and seedless
9
Q
What is the dominant phase of hepatophyta?
A
Gametophyte phase.
10
Q
What division is the earliest land plant?
A
Hepatophyta
11
Q
What is an example of hepatophyta?
A
Liverworts
12
Q
What major grouping is anthocerophyta in?
A
Non vascular and seedless.
13
Q
What is the dominant phase of anthocerophyta?
A
Gametophyte phase
14
Q
What is an example of anthocerophyta?
A
Hornworts
15
Q
What division has no true root, stem, leaf, or flowers?
A
Anthocerophyta
16
Q
What division is bryophyta in?
A
Non vascular and seedless
17
Q
What is the dominant phase of bryophyta?
A
Gametophyte
18
Q
What is the first division with stems?
A
Bryophyta
19
Q
What is an example of bryophyta
A
Mosses
20
Q
What are the three non vascular and seedless divisions?
A
Hepatophyta, anthocerophyta, and bryophyta
21
Q
What are the two vascular and seedless divisions?
A
Lycophyta and pteridophyta
22
Q
What major grouping is lycophyta in?
A
Vascular and seedless
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Q
What major grouping is pteridophyta in?
A
Vascular and seedless
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What is the dominant phase of lycophyta?
Sporophyte
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What is the dominant phase of pteridophyta
Sporophyte phase
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What is an example of lycophyta
Club mosses, ground cedar
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What division had the first roots and stems?
Lycophyta
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Which division has sideways stems?
Pteridophyta
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What is an example of pteridophyta
Fern
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What are the four divisions in the vascular with naked seeds major group (aka gymnosperms)
Pinophyta, cycadophyta, gnetophyta, ginkophyta
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What is an example of pinophyta
Conifers or pine trees
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What division has needle shaped leaves
Pinophyta
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What is the dominant phase of pinophyta
Sporophyte
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What is an example of cycadophyta
Cycads
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What divisions have separate genders on separate plants?
Gnetophyta and ginkophyta
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What is the major phase of cycadophyta
Sporophyte
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What is the dominant phase of gnetophyta
Sporophyte
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What division is a junk drawer of plants?
Gnetophyta
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What is the dominant phase of ginkophyta,
Sporophyte
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What is an example of ginkophyta
Ginko
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What division has fan shaped leaves and fleshy seeds
Ginkophyta
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What division is vascular with enclosed seeds (angiosperms)
Anthophyta
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What is an example of Anthophyta?
Flowering plants
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What division has flowers and fruits?
Anthophyta
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What is the most diverse division?
Anthophyta
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Where is pinophyta located?
Northern hemisphere.
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What is the appearance of a pinophyte's leaves?
Needle shaped
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What is a fascicle
A bundle of 2-5 pinophyta leaflets
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Describe pinophyta' native environment
Cold, snowy, dry, windy
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What is the dominant phase of Anthophyta?
Sporophyte
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What divisions are sporophyte dominant?
Pinophyta, cycadophyta, gnetophyta, ginkophyta, and Anthophyta
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Why do pine trees have the hypodermis below the epidermis?
The thickened wall prevents water loss.
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Why do pine trees have a thick cuticle?
Prevents water loss (water is polar, wax is non polar)
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Why do pine trees have sunken stomata?
It puts a divot in the leaf that the water vapor lost by transpiration collects in, instead of getting blown away by the wind.
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Why do pine trees not have any air spaces in the mesophyll?
It prevents water loss by the water not being able to fall in the spaces and escape.
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Why do pine trees have endodermis around the vascular bundle?
Keeps the water inside the xylem and regulates water sharing.
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Why do pine trees have resin canals.
Prevents water loss by scaring away insects so that they don't bite the plant and cause a wound.
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Why is gymnosperm wood softer than deciduous wood?
It is mostly made of tracheids, very few vessels.
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Why is extremely thick bark an adaptive advantage for gymnosperms?
Insulation from having the water freeze
| Protects trees in a flash fire, as the thick bark takes a long time to burn
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Why would gymnosperms weave their roots together with the trees nearby?
Creates more anchorage
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Why would gymnosperms create mycorrhizae?
Helps them obtain water and nutrients in the frozen wasteland
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What is a pollen cone called?
Strobili (male)
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What is a seed cone called?
Female strobili
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What does a pollen cone look like?
Papery or membrane scales arranged in a spiral. Very small.
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When are pollen comes created?
During the spring
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Where do pollen cones grow?
Tips of branches in clusters of 50+
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Where are pollen cones found on a tree?
Top of the tree
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Describe year one seed cones
Immature
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Describe year two of seed cones
Woody scales open and receive pollen
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Describe year three seed cones
Scales open and release fully developed seeds
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Describe the appearance of seed cones
Much larger than pollen cones, scaly
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Where are seed cones found on a tree?
Bottom of the tree
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Why are the seed cones found on the bottom and the pollen cones found on the top?
The pollen can blow off the pollen cones and have a better chance of shaking onto the seed cones.
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Where is the one place angiosperms do not grow?
The arctic.
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What is the mode of nutrition of the majority of angiosperms?
Autotrophic (create their own food)
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What is a dodder?
A parasitic angiosperm. Uses haustoria to take food and water from the host's xylem and phloem.
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What is mistletoe?
A parasitic angiosperm that steals food from the host plant and it photosynthesizes.
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What is saprotrophic?
Plant gets nutrition from the absorption of nutrients from dead organic matter.
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What is double fertilization regarding plants?
2 sperm are released by the pollen spore. Sperm #1 produces the zygote, and sperm #2 produces the endosperm.
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What is the endosperm?
It is the food the baby plant eats in the seed.
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What does angiosperm mean?
Vessel seed.
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Carpel
Fertile, modified leaf. Makes up the vessel.
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Where did carpels come from?
Leaves that rolled towards the center of the plant to enclose the ovules.
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What makes up the pistil?
2 or more united carpels.
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What does a seed develop from?
A fertilized ovule.
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Where are ovules found?
Inside the ovaries.
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What does an ovary with fertilized ovules develop into?
Fruit
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What does the fruit contain?
Seeds
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What are the two large classes in Anthophyta?
Magnoliopsida (dicots) and liliopsida (monocots)
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What is the difference of monocots an dicots in seeds?
Monocots have one cotyledon, dicots have two.
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What is the difference between monocots and dicots regarding flower parts?
Dicots have flower parts in multiples of 4 or 5, dicots have them in multiples of 3.
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What is the difference between monocots and dicots regarding leaf vein pattern?
Dicots have netted veins, dicots have parallel veins.
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What is the difference between monocots and dicots regarding root cross section?
Dicots have x shaped xylem, dicots have ring shaped vascular cylinders with pith in the center.
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What is the difference between monocots and dicots regarding stem cross section?
Dicots have candy corn vascular bundles in rings around the stem, monocots have smiled faced vascular bundles scattered in the stem.
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What is the difference between monocots and dicots regarding the pollen grain?
Dicots have 3 holes, monocots have 1 hole.
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Peduncle
Stalk of the FLOWER.
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Receptacle
Swollen tip of the peduncle, is where the flower attaches to the peduncle.
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Sepals
The little leafy looking things at the base of the flower.
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Calyx
All of the little leafy things at the bottom of the flower. Made up of all the sepals.
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Petal
Flower... Petal...
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Corolla
All the flower petals together.
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Stamen is made of what two parts?
Anther and filament.
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Anther
Makes Sperm and pollen
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Where is the anther located?
Top of the filament
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Filament
Holds up the anther
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Pistil
Female reproductive part, made of fused carpels.
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What three parts make up the pistil?
Stigma, style, ovary.
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Stigma
Sticky, catches pollen.
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Style
Holds the stigma up
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Ovary
Houses the ovules
111
Perianth
Name for the sepals and petals combined.
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Complete flower
Has sepals, petals, stamen, and pistil(carpels)
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Incomplete flower
Missing one or more of the four flower parts
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Four flower parts
Stamen, pistil, sepals, petals
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Perfect flower
Has stamen and pistil, is bisexual
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Imperfect flower
Has stamen OR pistil, is not bisexual.
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Staminate
Imperfect flower lacking the pistil.
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Carpellate
Imperfect flower lacking stamens
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Monoecious
Staminate and Carpellate flowers on the same plants. (Bisexual plant, not bisexual flowers)
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Dioecious
Staminate and Carpellate flowers found on separate plants. (Non bisexual plant and non bisexual flowers)
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What kind of pollination takes place in dioecious species?
Cross
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Superior ovary position
Ovary is above the receptacle.
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Inferior ovary position
Ovary is below the receptacle
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Inflorescences
Cluster of flowers all attached to the same peduncle
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Pedicel
The little "stem" of each flower in an inflorescent bunch. Attached to the main peduncle.
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Haploid
Cells with only one set of chromosomes.
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Sporophyte phase
Diploid cells
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Gametophyte
Haploid cells
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Alternation of generations
Plants alternation between sporophyte and gametophyte phase.
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What are the three pollination vectors?
Wind, water, animals (bees, bats, birds, etc)
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Which pollination vector is most efficient?
Animals, they are more accurate and likely to go from one flower to another flower of the same species.
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What are the three adaptive strategies for plant pollination?
Rewards, attractants, and specific structural adaptations.
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What do nectaries do?
They produce nectar
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What do the insects gain from nectar?
Sugar and amino acids.
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What are the two rewards plants offer?
Nectar and pollen.
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What do animals gain from pollen?
Protein and fat
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What are the two kinds of attractants plants use?
Odor and color.
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What sort of odors do plants use?
Flowery scents (Rose, citrus, etc); pheromones; dung/rotten meat
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Why do plants use flowery scents as attractants?
Insects think it's food.
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Why do plants use pheromones as attractants?
They are chemical messages in smell form that promise the insect sex.
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Why do plants use dung/rotten meat scents?
It attracts flies/dung Beatles as a pollinator.
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What are honey guides?
Color spots of lines that draw attention to nectar/pollen
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How does color benefit plants?
Certain colors attract certain pollinators, some colors look special to insects who can see ultraviolet patterns.
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Give some specific structural adaptations for plants to aid in pollination.
Landing platforms, upside down flowers, long nectar tubes, force mechanisms, traps, mimicry
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What is apomixis
Embryo formation without fertilization. NO MALES NEEDED
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How does apomixis work?
Megasporocyte goes through mitosis instead of meiosis, and makes a diploid egg cell and two polar nuclei.
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What is the adaptive advantage of apomixis?
Plant doesn't have to live near other plants of its same species.
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What is a tomato considered botanically?
A fruit.
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What is the definition of a fruit?
A ripened and usually fertilized ovary.
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What is pericarp?
The wall of the fruit, it consist of three distinct regions.
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What are the three regions of the pericarp?
Exocarp, mesocarp, endocarp
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What is the exocarp
The skin of the fruit
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What is the mesocarp
Tissue between the exocarp and endocarp
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What is the endocarp
Inner boundary surrounding the seeds. May not be distinguishable from the mesocarp.
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Simple fruits
Develop from a flower with a single carpel/pistil, or fused carpels.
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Fleshy fruits
Mesocarp is fleshy at maturity.
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What are the simple fleshy fruits?
Drupe, berry, hesperidium, pepo, pome
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Drupe
Single seed enclosed by a stony endocarp/pit. Usually develops from a flower with a superior ovary containing a single ovule.
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Berry
Develop from a compound ovary and usually have more than one seed. Mesocarp is difficult to distinguish from the endocarp as they are fleshy. Thin skin, soft pericarp.
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Hesperidium
Modified berries with tough, leathery covering that contains oil gland. The fleshy/juicy section are called carpels.
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Pepo
develop from flowers with inferior ovaries, have a tough rind.
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Pome
Most of the flesh comes from the enlarged floral tube that grows around the ovary.
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What is an example of a drupe?
Plum, olives, pecans, coconuts, cherries, peaches
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What is an example of a berry?
Peppers, tomatoes, grapes, pomegranates, avocado, berry
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What is an example of a hesperidium
Citrus fruits, oranges, lemons, limes, grapefruits
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What is an example of a pepo
Pumpkin, squash, watermelon, cucumber
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What is an example of a pome
Apple, pear
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What is an aggregate?
A fruit that develops from a single flower with multiple pistils
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What is a multiple fruit?
Develops from multiple flowers on a single inflorescence.
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What is an example of an aggregate?
Raspberries, blackberries, strawberries
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What is an example of a multiple fruit
Pineapple, fig, Osage oranges
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Dehiscent
Dry fruits that split at maturity
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What are the two kinds of dry fruits?
Dehiscent and indehiscent
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What are the four Dehiscent fruits?
Follicle, legume, silique, capsule
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Indehiscent
Dry fruits that do not split at maturity
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What are the four indehiscent fruits?
Achene, nut, grain, samara
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Follicle
Splits along one side/Seam only, exposing seeds within
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Legume
Splits along two seams
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Silique
Splits along two side seams but seeds are on a central partition
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Capsule
Most common, have at least two carpels that split in various ways.
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Achene
Only the base of the seed is attached to the pericarp
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Nut
One seed fruit, hard and thick pericarp, develops with bracts at the base like acorns.
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Grain
Pericarp and seed are united and can't be separated.
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Samara
Pericarp surrounds the seed extends out as a wing
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What is fruit and seed dispersal?
The way fruits/seeds get scattered
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What are the five adaptations for dispersal by wind?
Curved wing, inflated sacs, plumes, cotton/willowy hairs, tiny seeds
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What are the 2 adaptations for dispersal by animals?
Laxatives, hooks/barbs
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Laxatives
Speeds the passage of seed up through digestive system. Some seeds will not germinate unless they have passed through digestive acid.
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Why is passing through a digestive track an advantage.
Baby plant won't grow immediately near its parents, reducing competition.
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Hooks/barbs
Stick to the fur off animals, the seeds drop off someplace else.
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What are the two adaptations for water dispersal
Inflated/buoyant sacks, thick/waxy coverings.
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Inflated/buoyant sacks
Sacks are full of air and will float large distances until they reach a suitable habitat
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Thick/waxy covering
Stops the seed from germinating in the ocean, and get stripped off as the seed is tossed in the surf
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Mechanical/splitting action
Seed capsules will launch their seeds in response to body heat, drying out, humidity changes, etc.
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Hilum
Point where ovule attaches to ovary wall
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Micropyle
Ting pore next to the ovule. Where the sperm entered the ovary.
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Seed coat
Covering of the seed
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Embryo
Cotyledons and immature plant inside the seed.
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Cotyledons
Seed leaves, store food.
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Epicotyl
Short stem axis above the cotyledons
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Hypocotyl
Stem axis below the cotyledons
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Radicle
Embryonic root
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Plumule
Embryonic shoot with immature leaves
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Viable
Capable of germination
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Dormancy
Sleeping seed won't germinate
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What are the two kinds of dormancy?
Mechanical and physiological.
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What is mechanical dormancy?
Suberin
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What is physiological dormancy?
Abscisic acid, chemical
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What are the four ways to break dormancy?
Scarification, after-ripening, stratification, environmental regulation
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Scarification
Nicking or breaking seed coat
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After ripening
Embryo needs further development, seed will not germinate in freshly fallen fruit.
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Stratification
Cold temperature treatment
213
Environmental regulation
Amount of available water and oxygen has an impact, as does light.
