Choudhury I

Question 1

what do the submandibular glands secrete

Answer 1

serous/mucus

Question 2

what do the sublingual glands secrete

Answer 2

serous/mucus

Question 3

what does the parotid gland secrete

Answer 3

serous

Question 4

what do the small buccal glands secrete

Answer 4

mucous

Question 5

composition of saliva

Answer 5

hypotonic

Question 6

what are functions of lysozyme, lactoferrin, lactoperoxidase, glycoprotein of IgA?

Answer 6

antibacterial, chelate iron, antibacterial and secretory against virus and bacteria

Question 7

role of kallikrein

Answer 7

activates bradykinin- dilaters arterioles, increased blood to secretory glands and icnreases secretions

Question 8

what is use of bicarb in saliva

Answer 8

minimizes tooth decay,neutralizes gastric acid refluxed in lowe esophagus

Question 9

what can we taste

Answer 9

carbs fats

not protein

Question 10

what is serous saliva

Answer 10

water, electrolytes and enzymes

Question 11

what is mixed saliva

Answer 11

viscous rich in mucin glycoproteins

Question 12

how do ductal cells contribute to saliva

Answer 12

modify the secretion by adding electrolytes, Na Cl reabsorb K and HCO3

Question 13

why is saliva hypotonic

Answer 13

dissolve food

Question 14

salivary ducts are impermeable to what

Answer 14

H2O

Question 15

what are the transporters in the ductal cells

Answer 15

Na/H exchange
Cl/HCO3 exchange
H/K exchange

Question 16

what transporters are on the basolateral membranes of ductal cells

Answer 16

NaK ATPase and Cl channels

Question 17

how do NaCl levels compare in saliva to plasma

Answer 17

lower in saliva because readily abosrbed

Question 18

how do K HCO3 levels compare in saliva to plasma

Answer 18

higher in saliva because net secretion

Question 19

at what rate does saliva resemble plasma [ ]

Answer 19

at high flow rates because less time to modify

Question 20

what controls salivary secretion

Answer 20

ANS mainly parasympathetic

Question 21

what inhibits salivary secretion

Answer 21

sleep, fear, anti-cholinergics, anti-depressants, dehydration and fatigue

Question 22

what modulates salivary secretion

Answer 22

blood secretion, myoepithelial cell contraction, hormonal secretion

Question 23

What is xerostomia

Answer 23

dry mouth from absent saliva produciton

Question 24

what causes xerostomia

Answer 24

drugs radiation, autoimmune disease

Question 25

what is sjogren syndrome

Answer 25

autoimmune that targets lacrimal and salivary glands

Question 26

Tx for drooling

Answer 26

anticholinergics and surgical removal of sublingual glands

Question 27

how does CF affect saliva

Answer 27

elevated Na and Ca and protein in saliva, sweat, pancreatic fluid and bronchial secretion

Question 28

Addisons changes saliva how

Answer 28

increase Na from decrease in Na reabsorption

Question 29

how does primary aldosteronism and cushings change saliva

Answer 29

decrease Na in saliva, increase the amount that is absorbed | increase K levels

Question 30

how does digoxin change saliva

Answer 30

increase Ca and K

Question 31

describe musculature of esophagus

Answer 31

upper third is skeletal muscle voluntary control middle third is mixture skeletal and smooth lower third is smooth muscle regulated by ANS and enteric nervous plexus

Question 32

describe control of LES

Answer 32

tonically constricted from sphincter pressure by diaphragm | relaxes in response to swallowing mediated by vagal stimulation and intrinsic properties of the sphincter itself

Question 33

what is barrets esophagus

Answer 33

columnar cells replace squamous cells in adaptation to chronic acid exposure

Question 34

what are causes of dysphagia

Answer 34

structural functional- abnormal reflex, nuero defect disease state: neuro, stroke, parkinsons, myasthenia gravis, xerostomia

Question 35

what is achalasia

Answer 35

complete lack of peristalsis | LES does not relax and increased LES Pressure

Question 36

what causes achalasia

Answer 36

nerve degeneration lack of NO synthease, VIP Chagas disease

Question 37

what has "bird beak appearance on barium radiography?

Answer 37

achalasia

Question 38

what is transient relaxation of | LES

Answer 38

not assoc with pharyngeal contraction or esophageal peristalsis and persists more than 10 sec

Question 39

cessation of chlinergic activity and release of NO and VIP affect LES how

Answer 39

relaxation

Question 40

what is cause of LES incompetence

Answer 40

idiopathic

Question 41

What are diffuse esophageal spasms

Answer 41

irregular, uncoordinated contractions of esophagus

Question 42

what is cause of diffuse esophageal spasms

Answer 42

disruption of nerve activity that coordinates swallowing action of the esophagus

Question 43

what does diffuse esophageal spasms look like on CXR

Answer 43

corkscrew

Question 44

what is a hiatal hernia

Answer 44

protrusion of upper part of stomach into thorax through a tear or wekaness in diaphragm