Chp 4, Forces of Evolution

Question 1

What is a Deme?

Answer 1

Local population of organisms that have similar genes, interbreed, and produce offspring

Question 2

What is a Gene pool?

Answer 2

All the genetic information in the breeding population

Question 3

What is Reproductive Isolation?

Answer 3

If 2 populations are reproductively isolated, then members of the 1 population cannot interbreed with members of another

Question 4

What is a Species?

Answer 4

Population that produce viable offspring

Question 5

What is a Microevolution?

Answer 5

Small-scale evolution i.e change in allele frequency from 1 generation to another

Question 6

What is a Macroevolution?

Answer 6

Large-scale evolution i.e. speciation event that occurs after 100 or 1,000 of generations

Question 7

What is Equilibrium?

Answer 7

Conditions in which the system is stable, balanced, and unchanging

Question 8

What is Population genetics?

Answer 8

Study of changes in genetic material➡️ the change in frequency of genes

Question 9

Who is Anthony Allison?

Answer 9

Popularized the theory of population genetics➡️ gene frequency is tied to natural selection

Question 10

What is the Harvey-Weinberg law?

Answer 10

Mathematical model in population genetics that shows relations between frequencies of alleles & genotypes can be used to determine whether a population is going through evolutionary change

Question 11

Genetic change is a result from____?

Answer 11

Mutation, Gene drift, Gene flow, Natural selection

Question 12

What is a Mutation?

Answer 12

Any heritable change in the structure of genetic material➡️ absence of gene flow only source of new genetic variation w/in a population➡️ noncoding DNA doesn’t affect one’s survival, but coding may have consequences

Question 13

What is Point mutation?

Answer 13

Replacements of a single nitrogen base with another, may or may not affect the amino acid of triplet codes

Question 14

What is Synonymous mutation?

Answer 14

Neutral point mutation substituted nitrogen bases create a triplet coded to produce the same amino acids as original triplet

Question 15

What is a Nonsynonymous mutation?

Answer 15

Point mutation that creates a triplet coded to produce a different amino acid from that of the original triplet i.e sickle-cell anemia

Question 16

What is Frameshift?

Answer 16

Change in a gene➡️ insertion or deletion of 1 or more nitrogen bases➡️ triplets will rearrange & codons will be read wrong during translation

Question 17

What are Transposable elements?

Answer 17

Mobile pieces of DNA that can copy itself into entirely new areas of the chromosomes

Question 18

What is Klinefelter’s syndrome

Answer 18

Chromosomal trisomy➡️ males have extra X chromosomes

Question 19

What is Spontaneous mutation?

Answer 19

Random changes in DNA that occur in cell division

Question 20

What is Induced mutation?

Answer 20

Resulting from exposure to chemical toxins or radiation usually from human activity

Question 21

What are Mutagens?

Answer 21

Toxins, etc that may induce genetic mutations

Question 22

What is Fitness?

Answer 22

The average number of offspring by parents with a particular genotype compared to the number of offspring by parents with another genotype

Question 23

What is Natural selection?

Answer 23

Individuals with advantageous traits will survive in higher numbers and produce more offspring

Question 24

What is Direct selection?

Answer 24

Selection for 1 allele over the other➡️ shift in 1 direction

Question 25

What is Stabilizing selection?

Answer 25

Selection against extrems of the phenotypic distributions ➡️ decreasing genetic diversity of this trait for population

Question 26

What is Disruptive selection?

Answer 26

Selection for both extremes of the phenotype distributions➡️ may lead to a speciation event

Question 27

What is Melanic?

Answer 27

High concentration of melanin

Question 28

What is Positive selection?

Answer 28

Process in which beneficial genetic variations quickly increase in frequency in a population

Question 29

What is Sickle-cell anemia?

Answer 29

Genetic blood disease➡️ red blood cells become sickly➡️decreasing their ability to carry oxygen to tissues

Question 30

What is Hemolytic anemia?

Answer 30

Conditions of insufficient iron in the blood➡️ destruction of red blood cells b/c of genetic blood diseases

Question 31

What is Abnormal hemoglobin?

Answer 31

Hemoglobin altered ➡️ less efficient in binding carrying oxygen

Question 32

What are Capillaries?

Answer 32

Narrow blood vessels that from network via the tissues

Question 33

What are Balanced polymorphisms?

Answer 33

Selection maintains 2 or more phenotypes for a specific gene in a population

Question 34

What is Anthropogenic?

Answer 34

Any effect caused by humans

Question 35

What is Thalassemia?

Answer 35

Genetic blood disease➡️hemoglobin is improperly synthesized causing the red bl. Cells have a shorter lifespan

Question 36

What is G6PD?

Answer 36

Enzyme that aids in the paper functioning of red blood cells; its deficiency, a genetic condition➡️ hemolytic anemia

Question 37

What is Endogamous?

Answer 37

Pop. In which individuals breed only with other members of the pop.

Question 38

What is Exogamous?

Answer 38

Pop. In which individuals breed with nonmembers of their pop.

Question 39

What is the Founder effect?

Answer 39

Form of genetic drift➡️ small group of a large parent pop. Migrates to a new region that is reproductively isolated

Question 40

What is Huntington’s chorea?

Answer 40

➡️ Rare genetic disease caused by an autosomal dominant gene➡️symptoms often appearing btwn ages 30 & 50

Question 41

What is Admixture?

Answer 41

Exchange of genetic material btw. 2 or more pop.

Question 42

What is Demic diffusion?

Answer 42

Pop. Movement into an area previously uninhabited by that group

Question 43

What is Homology ?

Answer 43

Similarities between organisms based on descent from a common ancestor

Question 44

What is Homoplasy?

Answer 44

a shared character between two or more animals that did not arise from a common ancestor

Question 45

What is Anagenesis?

Answer 45

the progressive evolutionary changes that take place over time in a single genetic lineage without branching off, gradual evolution

Question 46

What is Cladogenesis?

Answer 46

in which a lineage splits into two or more separate lines