Chp 8, Fossils

Question 1

What are Fossils?

Answer 1

Remains of once-living organisms

Question 2

What is Taphonomy?

Answer 2

The study of what happens to an organisms remains

Question 3

What is Sedimentary?

Answer 3

Rock formed when the deposition of sediment creates distinct layers of stratas

Question 4

Who is William Smith?

Answer 4

An engineering surveyor that created the hypothesis Principle of Faunal Succession

Question 5

What is the Principle of Faunal Succession?

Answer 5

The relative positions of strata and fossils found in the layers are the same

Question 6

What are the 3 ways Fossilization can occur?

Answer 6

1) Organism remains are in an oxygen free environment.
2)Volcanic ash buries remains
3) Remains are transformed into sedimentary rock

Question 7

What are the Key stages missing in fossil record?

Answer 7

1)Paleo. have only searched in minimal places
2)Fossils are preserved in some places
3) Rock sequences containing fossils are not complete in all places

Question 8

What the most commonly found fossils?

Answer 8

Bones and teeth

Question 9

Order of evolution organized by Paleo. ?

Answer 9

Paleozoic, Mesozoic, Cenozoic

Question 10

Who is James Ussher?

Answer 10

Archbishop who asserts that Earth was created on Sunday, Oct 23, 4004 BC

Question 11

Who is Niels Stensen aka Nicolaus Steno?

Answer 11

Pioneer of Steno’s Law of Superposition: Principle that the lower the stratum, the older its age

Question 12

What is Biostratigraphic dating?

Answer 12

Chemical dating method that uses the associations of fossils in strata to determine each layers approximate age developed by William Smith

Question 13

What is Fluorine dating?

Answer 13

One of the 1st chemical dating methods proposed by chemist James Middleton

Question 14

What is an example of fluorine dating?

Answer 14

Paleontologist Kramberger applied fluorine dating to human remains, proves that both animals Krapina Neanderthals were in Pleistocene area

Question 15

What is an example of Bio.strat dating?

Answer 15

Irish elk fossil predates northern Eur. site, 10,600 yBP

Question 16

What is the 1st evidence for Cultural dating?

Answer 16

Pebble tools: 3.3 mya

Question 17

Who is A.E Douglass?

Answer 17

Pioneer of Dendrochronology chronometric dating method that uses a tree-ring count to determine numerical age

Question 18

Who is Willard Libby?

Answer 18

Pioneer of Radiocarbon dating, method 14C to 12C is measured to provide an absolute date for a material younger than 50,000 yrs

Question 19

What is Amino acid dating?

Answer 19

Absolute dating method for organic remains such as bone. Based on the decay of protein molecules after date

Question 20

What is Racemization?

Answer 20

Chemical reaction resulting in the conversion of L to D for AA dating

Question 21

What is Polarized light?

Answer 21

A kind of light used in AA dating- allows changes to be measured and dated

Question 22

Example of Amino Acid dating?

Answer 22

1)Dating Boarder Cave in South Africa (145,000-70,000 yBP)
2) Human occupation during the Pleistocene in Britain

Question 23

What is Paleomagnetic dating ?

Answer 23

Absolute dating method- based on the reversals of Earth’s magnetic field

Question 24

What is Electron spin resonance dating?

Answer 24

Absolute dating method- uses microwave spectroscopy to measure electrons spins in various materials

Question 25

What is Thermoluminescence dating ?

Answer 25

Dating method in which the energy trapped in a material is measured when the object is heated

Question 26

What is Genetic dating?

Answer 26

Geneticist M. Goodman, et, all developed the molecular clock for dating the divergences of the major primate taxa

Question 27

Example of genetic dating?

Answer 27

Old world monkeys 1st diverged from all other primates at about 14 MYA

Question 28

What is Temperature in the anthropological context?

Answer 28

Single most important feature of climate. Scientists can identify and study the effects of temps. on biologic and geologic chemistry

Question 29

Example of reconstructed temperature?

Answer 29

Study of Foraminifera- atmospheric temp. directly affects the waters temp- affects the mount of 18O microorganism increases-vice versa

Question 30

What are C3 plants?

Answer 30

C3 photosynthesis- Co2- 3 carbon atoms- temperate regions-includes wheat, sugar, hardwood, trees

Question 31

What are C4 plants?

Answer 31

C4 photosynthesis- Co2- 4 carbon atoms- warmer regions, low humidity- includes corn, sugarcane

Question 32

Examples of C3 & C4?

Answer 32

Scientists can determine which kind of plant an animal ate based on the ratio 13C to 12C in animals remains

Question 33

What is the Paleozoic era?

Answer 33

1st major era of geologic time, 545-240 mya, fish, reptiles & insects appeared

Question 34

What is the Mesozoic era?

Answer 34

2nd major era of geo. time, 230-66 mya, emergence & extinction of dinos

Question 35

What is the Cenozoic era?

Answer 35

The era lasting from 66 mys-present, encompasses the radiation & proliferation of mammals

Question 36

What are Epochs?

Answer 36

Divisions of periods in geologic time

Question 37

What is the Pangae?

Answer 37

Hypothetical landmass in which all the contents were joined approximate 300-200 MYA

Question 38

What is Tectonic?

Answer 38

Various structures on Earth's surface i.e continental planes

Question 39

What is Stratigraphic correlation?

Answer 39

Process of matching up strata from 7 sites via analysis of chemical, physical, & properties

Question 40

What is Fluorine dating?

Answer 40

Chemical dating method that compares the accumulation of fluorine in animal & human bones

Question 41

What is the Chemical dating?

Answer 41

Dating methods that use predictable chemical changes that occur over time

Question 42

What are Index fossils?

Answer 42

Fossils that are from specified time ranges, found in multiple sites, & can be used to determine the age of associated strata

Question 43

What is an Isotope ?

Answer 43

2 or more forms of a chemical element

Question 44

What is an Igneous rock?

Answer 44

Rock formed form the crystallization of molten magma

Question 45

What is Fission track dating ?

Answer 45

Absolute dating method based on the measure of the # of tracks left by the decay of uranium-238