Final exam, Key words, Concepts, and Questions Flashcards
(153 cards)
1
Q
Is race real? Why or why not?
A
The concept of race is not real. There is no biological basis for the typographical categories historically assigned to different groups. However, the reality of race and racism is real. The impact of how we discuss and treat race has biological, health, economic, and political consequences.
2
Q
Explain how recent research about race and health disparities is complicating the way we understand race and human variation. Include examples
A
Biomedical research and clinical treatment still operate under the assumption of biological race which then further instills the preconceived notion that race has a biological basis. In fact, our lack of understanding of how sociocultural, environmental, and life histories play a role in our variation trumps proven research that human genetic variation is clinal. In turn, the social inequalities faced by RACIALIZED groups shapes their biology.
3
Q
What is Rickets?
A
DISEASE FOUND IN CHILDREN CHARACTERIZED BY POOR CALCIFICATION, SOFTENING, AND DISTORTION OF THE BONES➡️ Vitamin D deficiency
4
Q
What is the MC1R gene?
A
A gene that helps determine skin and hair color➡️ Neanderthal mutation of gene not found in present day Europs.
5
Q
What is the SLC24A5 GENE?
A
Protein➡️Important contributor to variability in human skin color➡️highly favored in evolution, Not found in asian pops.
6
Q
What is the study that lead to the discovery of the SLC24A5 GENE?
A
Study of the Zebrafish led to the mutation found in European pops.➡️Not found in Asian pops.
7
Q
Origin, Transition, Definition and Anatomical traits of of Homo Erectus?
A
➡️1.8 MYA to ~300,000 BP (maybe 50,000 BP) ➡️Transition from Habilines between 1.9 million and 1.8 million years ago
➡️ Ileret footprints 1.5 MYA
➡️first species in our lineage to extend its range beyond Africa: it was recorded in western Asia by 1.7 million years ago,
➡️Less flared rib
➡️Reduction in tooth shape
➡️disappearance of the shoulder, arm, and trunk adaptation, can’t climb for shit
➡️Larger bodies
➡️Smaller guts
➡️Control of fire
➡️Small-medium brain volume
➡️Relatively low and thick skull
➡️Flexed occipital, transverse torus
➡️Large teeth, molar gradient valises
~1,000 cc cranial capacity
➡️Low, long, thick skull with small chewing muscles and large brow ridges
➡️Locomotion similar to humans and social grouping
8
Q
Origin, Transition, Definition and Anatomical traits of of Neanderthal?
A
➡️ 200,000 BP – 28,000 BP
➡️ Eurasian distribution
➡️ More robust and stronger than AMH
➡️ 1,200 average cranial capacity
➡️ Elongated skull, occipital bun, and no chin
9
Q
Origin, Transition, Definition and Anatomical traits of Homo sapiens (AMH)?
A
➡️ Concretely dated to 200,000 BP (debated earlier dates)
➡️ Earliest finds all in Africa
➡️Rounded skull, chin, and a lack of post-orbital constriction, prognathism, or occipital bun
➡️~1,300 cc cranial capacity
➡️Largest relative to body size
➡️ More gracile with diminished strength
90,000 BP sites in the Middle East
➡️ Challenges earlier assumptions of 60,000 BP
➡️ European presence ~46,000 BP
➡️ Global distribution ~15,000 BP
➡️ No other living hominin after 20,000 BP
➡️ Neanderthals 28,000 BP
➡️ Homo erectus 27,000
10
Q
What is the social reasoning and origins of skin bleaching?
A
Complexion is purposely altered based on racialized, gendered norms and expectations.
11
Q
What is VD?
A
A nutrient that the body needs in small amounts to function and stay healthy➡️ via the sun
12
Q
What is UVR?
A
Ultraviolet radiation
13
Q
What is human variation?
A
The study of how and why contemporary human populations vary biologically
14
Q
What is Environmental racism?
A
Environmental racism is the process of exposing minority and poor communities to evinornmental risks i.e industrial sites, redlining, pollution,
15
Q
What is biological racing?
A
Racial classifications based on the forensic analysis of remains i.e applying the classification of skin color to bones
16
Q
What was the issue with Lehman’s forensic approach to the African burial ground compared to Howards?
A
Lehman’s forensic approach of analysis consisted of catergoizing the remains based on the same principles of eugenics whereas Howard’s team focused on interpretive analysis, genetic analysis using biobanks, and tissues from his own research+ colleagues to gather a macroethinic overview of the remains
17
Q
Birth of genetic ancestry testing?
A
Birthed from the idea of creating a DNA bank that descendants can use to determine their ancestral origins and reconstruct their past
18
Q
What are the origins of pigmentation?
A
1)Pigmentation naturally selected for based on environmental and reproductive needs.
2) Coloration of skin, hair, and eyes, which is determined by the amount and type of melanin produced by melanocytes.
19
Q
Who is Cheddar man? What is the argument against him?
A
1)Remains of an ancient human found in England, believed to be the oldest documented DNA link - from 10,000 BC
2)Destroys the preconceived notion of whiteness for Europeans
20
Q
What is Epidermis?
A
Outer layer➡️
Very thin, waterproof, and abrasion-resistant
21
Q
What is Dermis?
A
Inner layer➡️ Thicker, tenser, and tougher, containing blood vessels, sweat glands, sensory receptors, and hair follicles
22
Q
What is Melanin?
A
A pigment that gives the skin its color
23
Q
What are evolutionary purposes of Melanin?
A
Protects the body from ultraviolet radiation (UVR) through absorption
24
Q
What was the adaptive benefit of having hairless bodies for early hominins? How did this adaptation then affect the evolution of skin pigmentation, leading to darker skin and eventually pale skin when humans moved to northern climates?
A
1)Loss of hair related to increased bipedalism
Increased activity (long-distance running) leads to increased body temperature in need of regulation
Loss of hair to allow for increased sweat and evaporation on the skin
2)Darker skin- Epidermis becomes tougher and more resistant to threats
Genetic evidence reveals consistent version of the MC1R (melanocortin 1 receptor) gene in continental Africa around 1.2 MYA
More melanin production
3) Environments with less direct exposure around 60,000 BP
UVR penetrates skin to assist in the production of Vitamin D, which enables the absorption of calcium from the diet
25
What is a Cline?
Variations in the intensity of expressions of known hereditary traits over wide geographic regions
26
Who is Franz Boas?
Father of modern anthropology➡️
Actively combated scientific racism through empirical methods and observations➡️
➡️Findings disprove biological innateness/determinism, highlighting variability and change due to environment
27
Who is Anténor Firmin?
Anténor Firmin was a Haitian anthropologist and writer who argued against the belief in the inherent inferiority of non-white races in his book "De l'égalité des races humaines" (English: "On the Equality of Human Races").
28
What is the contemporary POV on race?
1)Sequencing the Human 2)Genome proves that humans are genetically 99.9% similar
3)Variation better understood through clines
DNA sequences has altered the way we understand race
29
What is Cold spring harbor?
-Founded in 1910 & closed in 1934
-Long Island lab that was headed by Charles Davenport, conducted experimental research on human evolution
-Davenport established the "Eugenics Record Office"
-collected data on Eugenics to educate the public.
Studied epilepsy, crime.
30
What is the social construction of race?
Social construct without biological meaning
31
Who is Ota Benga?
African Pygime captured and forcibly transported to World Fair➡️ then as a display in BX zoo
Considered to be the "MISSING LINK" of human evolution. Transition from apes to human.
32
What is the Human zoo?
Human zoo was created by Anthropologist William McGee to present the “story” of human evolution by displaying representatives of “lower stages of the human race”
33
What is Race?
A group of people belonging to the same family and descended from a common ancestor; a house, family, kindred
34
What is Eugenics?
Selective mating to produce a stronger, smarter, better people ➡️ Genetics determines the capabilities and fitness of populations
35
WHat is Phrenology?
Detailed study of the shape and size of the skull to determine mental capabilities
36
What is Craniometrics?
The science of measuring skulls, chiefly to determine their characteristic relationship to sex, body type, or genetic population.
37
What is social Darwinism?
Developed by Herbert Spencer in 1864 ➡️
The belief that only that certain people become powerful in society because they are innately better.
38
How did certain readings of Darwin’s theory of natural selection lead to the rise of Social Darwinism? Explain how this theory led to the rise of scientific racism.
Darwin helped lay the ground work for Eugenics in his book “The Descent of Man.”
Social darwinists where worried that modern society was trying to undermine natural selection➡️ believed they could apply selection rationally and humanely➡️ Eugenics
39
What is Sickle- cell anemia?
A condition whereby the structure of red blood cells is altered and oxygen transport is severely impaired
40
What is the Sickle cell trait?
An advantages evolutionary tradeoff for descendants bc of the heterozygous form of the disease➡️AS
AA➡️ susceptible to malaria➡️ no sickle cell
Aa➡️Resistant to malaria➡️ mild sickle cell
aa➡️Resistant to malaria ➡️fatal sickle cell
41
What is Malaria?
A disease caused by mosquitoes implanting parasites in the blood.
42
What is Lactase persistence?
Continuation of lactase production beyond early childhood that allows a person to digest milk and dairy products
➡️Mutation LCT*P allows for lactase persistence
➡️Selected for in populations that herd and utilize cattle
43
What is the Biocultural approach?
The scientific study of the interrelationship between what humans have inherited genetically and culturally
44
What is Monogenesis?
The theory that all humans descended from the same pair of ancestors
45
What is Polygenesis?
The theory that different “races” originated from distinct ancestors
46
What are the Racial taxonomies?
Nazis believed that "Aryans" were the master race
Slaves counted as 3/5 of a person in the constitution
47
What is the Petrous bone?
Temporal bone
48
What are the problematic trends of ancient research?
Few labs control overwhelming majority of technology and data
Studies aim to explore migration processes, routes, and chronologies across the globe
Large generalizations about population movements and replacements based on limited data
Lack of concern for politics, local populations, or classificatory assumptions
49
What is Stress?
Any factor that interferes with the normal limits of operation of an organism
Can be naturally occurring or human inspired
50
What is Acclimation?
Short-term physiologic responses to a stress, usually within minutes or hours
51
What is Acclimatization?
Long-term physiologic responses to a stress, usually taking from days to months
52
What is Developmental acclimatization?
Changes in organ or body structure that occur during the physical growth of any organism
53
What is Vasodilation?
The opening of blood vessels to increase blood flow and heat loss
54
What is Vasoconstriction?
Narrowing of blood vessels to reduce blood flow and heat loss
55
What is the control of fire theory?
The theory that Homo sapiens have been controlling fire since our evolution
56
Did cooking lead to gender roles?
Hunting, gathering, and cooking impossible for long-term survival of a single individual
Gender divisions in food procurement/preparation nearly universal
57
Origin, Transition, Definition and Anatomical traits of Homo heidelbegensis ?
A transitional species between Homo erectus and Homo sapiens
➡️800,000-200,000 BP
inhabited diverse (including cold) environments ➡️Throughout Africa and Eurasia
➡️Possible origins in Europe
Gran Dolina Cave in Spain
Ceprano, Italy
➡️~1,200 average cranial capacity * 1,100-1,400 cc range
58
Create a chronology of hominins from their origins about 7 MYA to anatomically modern humans.
➡️Sahelanthropus tchadensis (Chad) – 7 MYA,Miocene epoch, species of Hominiae, partial cranium,
➡️Orrorin Tugenesis- 6.1 to 5.7 million years ago, species of Hominiae, several limb bones, jaw fragments and isolated teethone of the oldest early humans on our family tree.
➡️Ardipithecus ramidus is a species of australopithecine from the Afar region of Early Pliocene Ethiopia 4.4 million years ago- walked up right, arboreal
➡️Australopithecus Afranesis- 3.9–2.9 million years ago - An early australopithecine from Pliocene of East Africa that had a brain size equivalent to a modern chimpanzee's and is thought to be a direct human ancestor.
➡️Australopithecus Africanus-about 3.3 and 2.1 million years ago in the Late Pliocene to Early Pleistocene of South Africa
➡️Homo habilis- 2.8-1.6 mya, First to make stone tools, same weight as chimps, great climbers, walked upright
➡️Paranthroupus Boisei-2.4 - 1.3 million years
➡️Paranthroupus Robustus- 1.8 - 1.5 million years, South Africa, similar to A. boisei
➡️Homo erectus (1.8 million years ago)-the first species in our lineage to extend its range beyond Africa: it was recorded in western Asia by 1.7 million years ago,
➡️Homo heidelbergensis-800,000 -200,000 BP, transitional species between H. Erectus & H. Sapiens, inhabited diverse environments, possible origins Europe
➡️Densiovans- Denisova Cave in southern Siberia dating to 50,000-30,000 BP
➡️Neanderthals -200,000 BP – 28,000 BP
➡️Homo sapiens (200,000 years ago)
59
What is Schöningen?
Presence of fire➡️Schöningen in Germany➡️burnt flint, fireplaces, sharp sticks either used as a poker or to cook pieces of meat, dried meat with fire, 400,000 years ago.
60
Origin, Transition, Definition and Anatomical traits of Habiliines?
➡️2.8 to 1.6 MYA
➡️Small brain volume
➡️Relatively high and thin skull
➡️Rounded occipital, no transverse torus,
➡️Large teeth, molars increase towards back
➡️Walked upright
➡️Great climbers
➡️estimated to have stood about 1 to 1.3 meters tall (3 feet 3 inches to 4 feet 3 inches) and appear to have weighed about the same as a chimpanzee
➡️First to make stone tools
61
Origin, Transition, Definition and Anatomical traits of australopithecines?
➡️Walked upright
➡️Great climbers
➡️
62
What is Bergmann’s Rule?
heat-adapted mammal populations will have smaller bodies than those of cold-adapted.
63
What is Allen's rule?
heat-adapted mammal populations will have long limbs- maximize the body’s surface area and promotes dissipation
64
What is Homeostasis?
The maintenance of the internal environment of an organism within an acceptable range
65
What is Homeothermic?
Organisms' ability to maintain a constant body temp despite great variations in environmental temp
66
What is Basal Metabolic rate?
Rate at which an organism's body, while at rest expends energy to maintain basic bodily functions; measured by the amount of heat given off per kilogram of body weight
67
What evidence supports that cooking is responsible for the evolution of Homo Erectus?
The reduction in tooth size, the signs of increased energy availability in larger brains and bodies, the indication of smaller guts, and the ability to exploit new kinds of habitat all support the idea that cooking was responsible for the evolution of Homo erectus.
68
Who is Turkana boy?
Discovered in Kenya in 1984
80% complete skeleton dating to 1.6 MYA
Adolescent male, roughly 5.5 ft. at time of death
Shorter arms, longer legs than Australopithecines
69
What is the Man-The-Hunter hypothesis?
Hunting explains the great leap from australopithecine to genus Homo about 2.6 MYA
Emergence of stone tool technology (prior to new data)
Parental investment leads to emergence of gender roles
Female care-givers and gatherers
Male hunters
70
Why is the hypothesis outdated?
Evidence of meat consumption, but not definitively hunting
Scavenging for meat and marrow
Decreased size in dentition
71
What is the Raw-Foodist diet?
Practice of consuming uncooked, unprocessed, and often organic foods as a large percentage of the diet
72
What evidence does Wrangham use to support his claims ?
➡️Increased the value of our food
➡️Changed our bodies
➡️Grew our brains
➡️Impacted our time and social life
➡️Aided in the transition from Austra. to Homo erec.
➡️Fostered long distance travel
➡️Increases the amount of energy our bodies obtain from food
➡️ Increased surival & reproduction
➡️Smaller gut, mouth, jaws, colons, teeth
73
What are the biological and social consequences of cooking food?
➡️Dependency of fuel
➡️Sleeping on the ground➡️exposure to prey
➡️Shift to raw food diet for moral and philopshical reasonings
➡️Smaller physiology
74
What is Embodied inequality?
The social inequalities of categorized racial groups become their biological identity in the public health care system, which further perpetuates a racialized view of human biology
75
Examples of Racialized health?
Discrimination➡️ elevated blood pressure, breast cancer, heart disease, body mass index, preterm birth, low birth weight, depression
Segregation➡️ Black-white disparities ➡️ obesity, low-birth weight, fetal growth restriction, heart disease, tuberculosis
Hypertension➡️ 80% more➡️ Black Chicago residents than Whites
34% INCREASE IN THE LIKELIHOOD OF LOW BIRTH WEIGHT IN THE MONTHS AFTER 9/11 ONLY AMONG WOMEN WITH ARABIC NAMES
76
What dies the term Skin & Sex mean?
Skin and sex can both impact human biology and behavior. Differences in skin pigmentation and thickness can affect how skin responds to environmental stressors, while biological differences between males and females can influence physical abilities and susceptibility to certain health conditions. Understanding the relationship between skin and sex is important for addressing issues related to health and social justice.
77
What is Tanning?
Tanning is the process of darkening the skin through exposure to UV radiation. However, excessive exposure to UV radiation can increase the risk of skin cancer and premature aging. Safe sun habits and alternatives to traditional tanning are recommended to reduce these risks.
78
What is Neural tube defects?
Congenital deformities of the brain and spinal cord caused by incomplete development of the neural tube, the embryonic structure that forms the nervous system➡️Damaged folates lead to neural tube defects
79
What is Folate?
Vitamin B9
80
What is Albinism?
Absence of pigment in the skin, hair, and eyes
81
WHat is Melanocyte?
A cell in the basal layer that gives color to the skin➡️ lowest level of the epidermis
82
WHat is the African Burial ground?
A former municipal cemetery for the city’s enslaved African ➡️ population 420 sets of human remains, 93% African
83
Evolutionary purposes of Darker pigmentation ?
Darker skin➡️ Extra heat, but dark pigmentation selected for to ensure healthy offspring
84
Evolutionary purposes of Lighter pigmentation?
Lighter skin➡️ UVR penetrates skin to assist in the production of Vitamin D, which enables the absorption of calcium from the diet
85
Evolutionary purposes of Lighter pigmentation?
Lighter skin➡️ UVR penetrates skin to assist in the production of Vitamin D, which enables the absorption of calcium from the diet
86
What is the Cephalic index?
Ratio of the maximum breadth to the maximum length
87
What is Racial Formalism?
Physical differences were biological and, therefore, immutable, innate, and “natural”
88
What is Scientific Racism?
nineteenth-century theories of race that characterize a period of feverish investigation into the origins, explanations, and classifications of race
89
What are Health disparities?
Differences in health outcomes among groups
90
What is Long-distance running?
Long-distance running is a form of endurance exercise that requires high levels of cardiovascular fitness, muscular endurance, and mental toughness.
91
Benefits of long-distance running?
physical and mental health benefits
92
Consequences of long-distance running?
overuse injuries and dehydration.
93
What is SNP?
Single nucleotide polymorphism i.e
A-T
C-G
94
What is Ancient DNA?
Genetic material preserved in archaeological remains of bones and plants that can be studied for information about past genetic relationships
95
What is Sterilization?
The process that completely destroys all microbial life, including spores.
96
Who is Charles Davenport?
Promoter of eugenics
traced family histories to come up with mathematical model to predict occurrence of certain traits
97
Who is Samuel Morton?
Ranked intelligence by measuring skull capacity (size, volume). Implies connection between race and intelligence. Caucasian, Mongoloid, Malaysian, American, Ethiopian
98
Who is Samuel Morton?
Ranked intelligence by measuring skull capacity (size, volume). Implies connection between race and intelligence. Caucasian, Mongoloid, Malaysian, American, Ethiopian
99
What is Altitude adaptions?
Highland populations have evolved biological adaptations for living in low oxygen environments i.e larger chest capacities
100
What is Interbreeding?
When two members of the same species mate and produce offspring.
101
What is a Denisovan ?
A newly discovered group of archaic Homo sapiens from southern Siberia dated to between 30,000 and 50,000 years ago.
Denisovan and Neanderthal split before Neanderthal contact with Homo sapiens
DNA found in living Melanesian populations (5% shared), supporting Assimilation Model
102
What is Mitochondrial Eve?
The first female ancestor shared by all living humans, who was identified by analysis of mitochondrial DNA.
103
What is Mitochondrial Eve?
The first female ancestor shared by all living humans, who was identified by analysis of mitochondrial DNA.
104
What is the Assimilation model?
Modern human anatomy arose first in Africa as a change within a species and then spread through gene flow to populations outside of Africa
105
What is the Replacement model?
The hypothesis that only one subpopulation of Homo erectus, probably located in Africa, underwent a rapid spurt of evolution to produce Homo sapiens 200,000-100,000 years ago. After that time, H. sapiens would itself have multiplied and moved out of Africa, gradually populating the globe and eventually replacing any remaining populations of H. erectus or their descendants.
106
What is the Out-of-Africa model?
The idea that modern humans started in Eastern Africa and spread throughout the world from there
107
What is the Hyoid?
a U-shaped bone in the neck that supports the tongue.
108
What is Dentition and diet?
Large molar size in correlation to diet➡️coarse gritty vegetation for heavy chewing on fibrous foods
109
What are Brow ridges?
The large ridges of bone above the eye orbits, very noticeable in Homo erectus
110
What is the Occipital bun?
A cranial feature of Neandertals in which the occipital bone projects substantially from the skull's posterior
110
What is the Occipital bun?
A cranial feature of Neandertals in which the occipital bone projects substantially from the skull's posterior
111
What is the Sagittal crest?
Bony projection on top of the cranium for attachment of chewing muscles.
112
What is the Sagittal crest?
Bony projection on top of the cranium for attachment of chewing muscles.
113
What is Prognathism?
Projection of the jaw or jaws that may cause problems with mouth closure and alignment of the teeth.
114
What is Prognathism?
Projection of the jaw or jaws that may cause problems with mouth closure and alignment of the teeth.
115
What is the Cooking hypothesis?
Cooking makes us human, increases the efficiency of digestion and availability of nutrients required for brain and body growth and development, thus explaining the increase in brain and body size in H. erectus relative to earlier hominins.
116
Consequences of Raw food diet?
reduced reproductive function
Increased risk of eating toxins that would be destroyed during cooking
Low bone mass
117
What is Oldowan tool?
The oldest known tools, made by chipping stones to produce a sharper edge. Made by Homo Habilis.
118
What is Cranial capacity?
The size of the braincase
119
What is Neanderthal DNA?
DNA that most humans have.
120
What are Gender roles?
Sets of behavioral norms assumed to accompany one's status as male or female
121
What is Pleistocene?
The most recent epoch of the Late Cenozoic Ice Age, beginning about 1.8 million years ago and marked by as many as 20 glaciations and interglaciations of which the current warm phase, the Holocene epoch, has witnessed the rise of human civilization.
122
What is Expensive tissue?
Based on relationship seen among mammal that is relative to the body.
-Brain accounts for 2% of human body mass but it consumes 20% of daily energy
122
What is Expensive tissue?
Based on relationship seen among mammal that is relative to the body.
-Brain accounts for 2% of human body mass but it consumes 20% of daily energy
123
What is Great Rift Valley?
Area in Africa where parts of the plateau's surface dropped and early human fossils are found
124
WHat is the Provisionig hypothesis?
Freeing the hands was important in allowing males to assist females more efficiently in procuring food
125
What is Bipedalism?
Ability to walk on 2 legs
126
What is Arboreal?
Ability to live in trees
127
Who is Java man?
A Homo Erectus discovered by Dutch physician and anatomist Eugene Dubois in 1891 in JAVA Indonesia
128
Who is Lucy?
the first human who left remains of her bones; she lived around 3.5 million years ago.
129
Who is the Taung child?
Discovered in a South
African quarry in 1924
* Analyzed by anatomist
Raymond Dart
* Proposed to be a new
genus and species
* Australopithecus
africanus “southern ape
from Africa”
130
Who is Ardi?
Nickname for a 4.4-million-year-old fossilised specimen of Ardipithecus ramidus.
131
Origin, Transition, Definition and Anatomical traits of Paranthroupus Robustus?
➡️(South Africa): 1.8 - 1.5 million years, similar to A. boisei, but not quite as robust - possible southern variant.
132
Origin, Transition, Definition and Anatomical traits of Paranthroupus Boisei?
➡️East Africa): 2.4 - 1.3 million years,
➡️dished face
➡️sagittal crest
➡️ very strong sexual dimorphism
➡️visor-like cheek bones, brain size 500 - 530 cc
➡️very small incisors
➡️canines
➡️huge molar teeth
➡️large jaws
➡️ hard and tough objects, ➡️skeleton like A. afarensis.
133
Origin, Transition, Definition and Anatomical traits of Australopithecus Africanus?
A gracile australopithecine from South Africa that was contemporaneous with A. aethiopicus,
➡️A. garhi, and A. boisei and was likely ancestral to A. robustus.
134
Origin, Transition, Definition and Anatomical traits of Australopithecus Afranesis?
An early australopithecine from East Africa that had a brain size equivalent to a modern chimpanzee's and is thought to be a direct human ancestor.
135
Origin, Transition, Definition and Anatomical traits of Ardipithecus Afarensis?
A later pre-australopithecine species from the late Miocene to the early Pliocene
➡️ shows evidence of both bipedalism and arboreal activity
➡️ no indication of the primitive pre honing complex.
136
Origin, Transition, Definition and Anatomical traits of Orrorin Tugenesis?
A pre-australopithecine species found in East Africa that displayed some of the earliest evidence of bipedalism.
137
Origin, Transition, Definition and Anatomical traits of Sahelanthropous?
The earliest pre-australopithecine species found in central Africa with possible evidence of bipedalism.
138
What is Genetic drift?
A change in the gene pool of a population due to chance
139
What is Genetic drift?
A change in the gene pool of a population due to chance
140
What is Gene flow?
movement of alleles from one population to another
141
What is Breeding popluation?
a group of organisms that tend to choose mates from within the group
142
WHat is Polygenic traits?
characteristics that are influenced by more than one pair of genes
143
What is DNA ?
A complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes.
144
What is Fitness?
Ability of an organism to survive and reproduce in its environment
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What is Natural selection?
A process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits.
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Who is Carolus Linnaeus?
Father of Taxonomy
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What is Evolution?
Change in a kind of organism over time; process by which modern organisms have descended from ancient organisms.
148
How have anatomically modern humans adapted to survive in specific environments across
the globe? Explain three specific examples.
➡️Gradual depigmentation: Assists in sun absorption for vitamin D production which is an environmental adaptation
➡️Advantageous Mutations and genes i.e Sickle-cell trait, Mutation LCT*P
➡️Developmental Acclimatization: Chest dimensions and lung volume greater for populations in high altitudes
149
Review the distribution, morphology, and behavior of Neanderthals. How were they related
to anatomically modern humans?
Neanderthals are our closest ancient human relatives
shared a common ancestor
Neanderthal and modern human lineages separated at least 500,000 years ago.
Elongated skull, occipital bun, and no chin
Anatomical ability for complex speech
Purposeful burial with flowers at Shanidar Cave, Iraq
Low life expectancy (~30 years)
Dangerous hunting practices
Possible artistic expression?
Neanderthal hyoid bone lower than anatomically modern humans
1,200 average cranial capacity
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What evidence do we have for when, where, and why our ancestors became fully bipedal?
What are the advantages and disadvantages of such a lifestyle?
1)When: 1.9 mya
Transition from Homo Habline to Homo erectus
Where: East Africa
Why?: The pelvis and thigh bones of Homo erectus are similar to modern humans
Lost of climbing anatomoy
Long legs
2)Diversity in resource exploitation
* Predator avoidance through
mobility and vision
* Freeing of the hands
* Carrying food, objects, or
offspring
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Discuss the primary theories proposed for the origins and spread of anatomically modern
humans. Use fossil and genetic evidence to support or refute these hypotheses.
➡️Out of Africa model that suggests modern anatomy started in Africa. Then via gene flow occurred to outside populations. Fossils of early humans were found in Great Rift Valley in Africa.
➡️Cooking: efficiency of digestion and availability of nutrients required for brain and body growth and development, thus explaining the increase in brain and body size in H. erectus relative to earlier hominins.
