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Anth 203 > Chp3️⃣ 45-71, Genetics > Flashcards

Chp3️⃣ 45-71, Genetics Flashcards

(85 cards)

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1
Q

What is Genetics?

A

Study of heredity

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2
Q

What are Prokaryotes?

A

Single called organisms with no nuclear membranes or organelles and with cytoplasm

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3
Q

What are Eukaryotes?

A

Multicelled organisms that have membrane bound nucleus containing both the genetic material and specialized organelles

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4
Q

What is a Nucleus ?

A

Largest organelle in a cell

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5
Q

What is a Cell Membrane

A

Semi permeable membrane surrounding the entire cell, separating one cell from the next

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6
Q

What is a Endoplasmic reticulum ?

A

An organelle that usually surrounds the nucleus➡️plays an important role in protein synthesis

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7
Q

What is a Cytoplasm ?

A

Fluid that surrounds the cell and maintains its shape

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8
Q

What are Organelles ?

A

The specialized parts analogous to organs

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9
Q

What is a Cell?

A

The basic unit of life for all organisms

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10
Q

What is DNA ?

A

The body’s genetic code

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11
Q

What do Chromosomes do?

A

Form sequences that are templates for the production of proteins or parts of proteins in the body

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12
Q

What is a genome ?

A

Complete set of genetic material for an organism or species ➡️chromosomal and mitochondrial

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13
Q

What are Somatic cells?

A

Diploid cells that form organs, tissues, etc

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14
Q

What are Gametes ?

A

Sexual reproductive cells, Ova and Sperm, haploid number of chromosomes

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15
Q

What are Diploids ?

A

Cell that has a full complement of paired chromosomes

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16
Q

What are Haploids ?

A

Cell that has a single set on unpaired chromosomes. Half of the chromosomes in diploid

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17
Q

What is Homoplasmic ?

A

NDna (Nuclear) identical in the nucleus of each cell type except in red blood cells

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18
Q

What are the nitrogen bases ?

A

Adenine, Thymine, Guanine , Cytosine

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19
Q

Which Nitrogen bases always pair ?

A

Adenine➡️Thymine
Guanine➡️Cytosine

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20
Q

What are Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms?

A

Single base pairings produce genetic differences between people, spread uniformly via a genome

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21
Q

What is the function of a DNA molecule ?

A

Replicaron➡️takes place in Nucleus, apart of cell division ➡️production of new Somatic cells (Mitosis) or new Gametes (Meiosis)

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22
Q

What is Mitosis ?

A

Life start as a single cell, Zygote➡️produced identical copies of itself➡️1 DNA replication➡️cell division. D.C divides to produce 2 cells, full sets of chromosomes

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23
Q

What is Meiosis ?

A

Genetic code is transmitted from P to OS via gametes. Gametes only have half the chromosomes that are in S.C. No identical copies of the P cell and DNA. 1 DNA replication➡️2 cell divisions

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24
Q

What is Adenosine triphosphate ?

A

Important cellular molecule, created by the mitochondria & carrying the energy for necessary cellular functions

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25
What is Matriline?
DNA that can be traced from Mom to all her kids
26
What is Patriline?
DNA that can be traced from Dad to son via Y chromosomes
27
What is Patriline?
DNA that can be traced from Dad to son via Y chromosome
28
What is Prenatal development ?
The development of humans from fertilization to full-term infant
29
What is Recombination?
Exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes
30
What are Haplotypes?
Groups of alleles that tend to be inherited as a unit due to closely spaced loci on a single chromosome
31
What are Haplogroups?
Large sets of Haplotypes ie Y chromo that may be used to define a population
32
What are Translocations
Rearrangements of chromo due to insertion of genetic material from 1 chromosome to another
33
What are Nondisjunctions ?
Chromosome pairs fail to segregate during Meiosis, creating some gametes w/ an abnormal amount of chromosomes I.e Down Syndrome
34
What is Monosomy?
Only 1 specific pair of chromosomes is present in the cells nucleus I.e Turner syndrome only 1 x chromo.
35
What is Trisomy ?
Additional chromo exists w/in a homologous pair i.e Down syndrome
36
What is the Law of Independent Assortment ?
Mendel’s 2nd law, the inheritance of 1 trait does not affect the inheritance of other traits
37
What is the exception to Mendel’s law?
Gene linkage, inheritance of a package of genes from the same chromosomes ie genes for hair and eye color
38
What is a Gene?
A physical unit
39
What are Aminoteids?
Organic molecules combined in a special sequence by the ribosomes to form a protein
40
What are Essential Amino Acids?
Cannot be synthesized by the body; must be supplied by diet
41
What are Structural proteins?
Proteins that form an organisms physical attributes
42
What are Regulatory proteins?
Proteins involved in the expression of control genes ie growth of tissues
43
What is Transcription?
1st step of protein synthesis involving the creation of messenger RNA (mRNA)
44
What is Translation?
2nd step of protein synthesis transfer of amino acids by transfer RNA (tRNA) to the ribosomes ,added to the protein chain
45
What is Ribonucleic acid?
Single stranded molecule involved in protein synthesis ➡️phosphate, ribose sugar, 1 of 4 nitrogen bases
46
What is Uracil ?
1 of 4 nitrogen bases that make up RNA= Uracil+ Adenine
47
Describe the process of Protein Synthesis ?
1.Transcription: mostly takes place in cells nucleus 2. Translation: Double strand of P DNA unzips➡️ exposed bases serve as a single template for RNA. 3. Same Nitro bases as DNA except Uracil replaces Thymine
48
What are Exons?
Sections of DNA that code for Amino Acids
49
What are Introns?
Section of DNA that do not code for Amino Acids
50
What is mRNA?
Molecules responsible for making a chemical copy of a gene needed for a specific protein
51
What are Ribosomes ?
Organelles attached to the surface of the endoplasmic reticulum in cytoplasm of a cell the site of protein synthesis
52
What are Ribosomal RNA(rna)?
Important structural composition of a ribosome
53
What is Transfer RNA (tRNA)?
Molecules responsible for transferring amino acids to ribosomes during protein synthesis
54
What are Anticodons?
Sequences of 3 nitrogen bases carried by tRNA matched w/ complementary mRNA codons each designate a specific amino acid during protein synthesis
55
What are Triplets?
Sequences of 3 nitro bases each in DNA known as codons in mRNA
56
What are Codons?
Sequences of 3 nitro bases carried by mRNA that are coded to produce specific amino acids in protein synthesis
57
What are Peptide bonds?
Chemical bond that joins amino acid into a protein chain
58
What is a Polypeptide ?
Known as a protein, a chain of amino acids held 2 geyser by multiple peptide bonds
59
What is Coding DNA?
Sequences of a genes DNA aka Exons that are coded to produce a specific protein & a transcribed & translated during protein synthesis
60
What is Non-coding DNA?
Sequence of a genes DNA aka Introns
61
What are Introns?
Not coded to produce specific proteins & are exised b4 protein synthesis
62
What is Locus?
Locomotion on a chromosome of a specific gene
63
What is Polymorphism ?
Presence of 2 or more alleles at a locus, where the frequency of the alleles is greater than 1% in the population
64
What are Structural genes ?
Responsible for body structure I.e hair, blood.
65
What are Regulatory genes ?
Responsible for turning on & off other genes➡️essential activity in growth & development i.e LCT gene
66
What are Homeotic (Hox) genes?
Regulatory genes that determine an org. Form and the arraignments of its tissues & organs➡️ turn on in a specific sequence➡️ leads to the accurate structure➡️ gene is same in all living organisms
67
What are Polymorphism?
Variation in a specific gene I.e blood types, sexual dimorphism
68
What are Microsatellites?
Form a unique DNA signature for individuals. DNA segments are often repeated for no reason. If repeated too much can lead to neurological disease
69
What are Antigens ?
Specific proteins on the surface of cells that stimulate the immune systems antibody production
70
What are Antibodies?
Molecules that form as the primary immune response to foreign substances, attach to foreign antigens
71
What is Law of Segregation?
Mendel’s 1st law, 2 alleles for any given gene are inherited by each parent. During gamete production only 1 of 2 alleles will be present in each ovum or sperm
72
What is Homozygous?
Chemically identical alleles
73
What is Heterozygous?
Chemically different alleles
74
What is Codominance?
2 different alleles that are equally dominant➡️ both are fully represented in a heterozygous phenotype I.e AB blood type➡️ genotype and phenotype is expressed
75
Describe heterozygous genes?
When alleles are hetero. Dominant will be expressed in the phenotype i.e AA &AO➡️ same phenotype, recessive allele isn’t present, cannot tell genotype
76
Describe homozygous genes ?
Each homologous chromosome must have the recessive allele➡️ will be expressed i.e OO ➡️ alleles in pair of homologous chromosomes are O
77
What is Polygenic?
Physical and behavioral traits affected by genes at many more loci than 1 or 2. Ie Human height determined by hundred of SNPs
78
What is Pleiotrophy?
A single gene can have multiple effects ➡️ Marfan syndrome
79
What is Epigenetic?
Potentially heritable changes in behavior or biology but w/o altering the DNA sequence
80
What is Methylation?
Process in which Methyl, a chemical, attached to the DNA➡️ represses or fully stops a gene
81
What is a Punnett square?
A chart that shows all the possible combinations of alleles that can result from a genetic cross
82
What is Random Assortment?
The chance distribution of chromosomes to daughter cells during meiosis
83
What is Speciation?
The origin of a new species
84
What is Crossing-over?
the exchange of DNA between chromosome during meiosis
85
What is Punctuated Equilibrium?
The theory that species evolve during short periods of rapid change

Anth 203 (10 decks)

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