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Nutrition and health > Chronic disease, GI anatomy > Flashcards

Chronic disease, GI anatomy Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the primary artery that conducts blood from the heart to the body’s smaller arteries

A

aorta

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2
Q

Arteries

A

Vessels that carry blood from heart -> tissues

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3
Q

Veins

A

Vessels that carry blood from tissues -> heart

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4
Q

Blood leaving from RIGHT of heart

A

Goes to lungs -> left side of heart

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5
Q

Blood leaving from LEFT of heart

A

Out of aorta -> arteries -> rest of body

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6
Q

The blood that GOES to the digestive system

A

Artery > capillaries > reaches cells

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7
Q

The blood that LEAVES the digestive system

A

Blood collected from GI tract > hepatic portal vein > liver capillaries > hepatic vein > returns blood to heart

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8
Q

Hepatic vein

A

Collects blood from liver capillaries and returns blood to heart

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9
Q

Thoracid duct

A
  • Largest volume of blood before going to heart so everything gets diluted
  • main lymphatic vessel that collects lymph and drains into the left subclavian vein
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10
Q

The digestive tract receives __ blood

A

ARTERY

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11
Q

How many inputs of blood does the liver have?

A

2:
1 rich in nutrients
1 rich in oxygen

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12
Q

6 functions of GI tracts

A
  • ingestion
  • mechanical processing
  • digestion
  • secretion
  • absorption
  • excretion
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13
Q

Which nutrients enter lymphatic vessels?

A

Fat-soluble

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14
Q

Salivary amylase

A

Starch-digesting enzymes that function at pH 6-7

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15
Q

Other functions of GI tracts (5)

A
  • barrier
  • immunological
  • endocrine
  • neural
  • gut microbiota
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16
Q

Diaphragm

A
  • primary muscle used in respiration
  • separates abdomen from thoracic cavity
  • tough muscles, can contract
  • inspiration : contraction (pushes down)
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17
Q

Food goes to the oesophagus in which form

A

BOLUS

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18
Q

How many sphincters does the esophagus have?

A

2: upper and lower/cardiac

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19
Q

Muscles in esophagus

A

circular muscle
longitudinal
smooth internal lining

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20
Q

Peristalsis

A

tightening of long muscles and relaxing of circular muscles causes the content to be propelled
VOLUNTARY

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21
Q

Reverse-peristalsis

A

vomiting

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22
Q

Layers of muscle in the stomach

A

circular, longitudinal, diagonal muscle

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23
Q

What organ begins digestion?

A

Stomach, is controlled by gastrin

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24
Q

Where does chyme become liquified?

A

In stomach, by gastric juices

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25
4 functions of stomach
1. storage of ingested food 2. mechanical breakdown of ingested food to peristalsis to chyme 3. Gastrin secretion 4. Production of intrinsic factors
26
pH of stomach
1.5-2.0
27
What are intrinsic factors?
Glycoprotein | required fro absorption of vitamin B12 in the small intestine
28
What are the 4 sphincters
- cardiac : btwn esoph - stomach - pyloric : btwn stomach - small intestine - ileocecal : btw ileum - large intestine - anus : at the end
29
Which sphincter do we have voluntary control over?
Anus
30
What are the 3 GI hormones
- gastrin - secretin - cholecystokinin (CCK)
31
Which hormone : - responds to food in the stomach - is secreted from stomach wall - stimulates stomach glands to secrete HCL
GASTRIN
32
Which hormone : - is stimulated by chyme in the s intestine - is secreted from duodenum wall - stimulates the pancreases to secrete bicarbonate juices
SECRETIN
33
When HCl is secreted in the stomach, the pH goes back to 1.5 and the system adjusts by stoping release of gastrin, this is called :
negative feedback
34
Which hormone : - responds to fat/protein in the chyme (intestine) - is secreted from intestinal walls - stimulates the gallbladder to contract bile and stimulates the pancreas to secrete its pancreatic juice
CHOLECYSTOKININ (CCK)
35
What hormone slows down digestion
CCK
36
Bicarbonate : base/acid | HCL : base/acid
- base | - very strong acid
37
Secretion of HCl is done thanks to
Gastrin
38
What is released from stomach, is cleaved by Hal to become active and is the precursor of pepsin
pepsinogen
39
What organs/parts are retroperitoneal
pancreas, duodenum, rectum
40
Mensentery
Internal organ, folds of connective tissus that supports and connect the intestines to the dorsal abdominal wall
41
Where is most of the absorption
small intestine
42
How are nutrients absorbed
- simple diffusion - facilitated diffusion - active transport
43
simple diffusion
- not very efficient - no energy cost - cross freely water, small lipids
44
facilitated diffusion
- doesn't require energy - protein carrier transports nutrients water-soluble vitamins
45
active transport
- requires energy - very efficient - carrier loads nutrients outside cell - moves against a concentration gradient glucose, amino acids
46
A villus
Finger-like projection that covers inner wall folds of intestine Each villus is covered with microvilli Between villi are crypt glands, they secrete intestinal juices
47
Hepatic portal vein carries
water-soluble nutrients absorbed
48
Which organ absorbs water, electrolytes, vitamins and is held by the mesentery
the colon
49
Does the large intestine have villi
NO
50
inflammatory bowel disease that causes irritation, inflammation and ulcers in the lining
Ulcerative colitis
51
Goblet cells
Secrete mucus Live 3 days Also present in lungs, nose, sinuses
52
__ transports nutrients to a network of capillaries and fine lymphatic vessels called lacteals close to its surface
villus
53
The folds of the mucosa of the small intestine
plicae circulares
54
Function of plicae, villi, microvilli
to increase the amount of surface area available for the absorption of nutrients.
55
__ breaks down some carbohydrates (notably starch) into oligosaccharides.
Pancreatic amylase
56
Prebiotics
food not digested in small intestine | is used as food for bacteria in the colon
57
Probiotics
micro-organisms in foods & supplement that in sufficient quantities are beneficial to health
58
Vitamins produced by the colon's bacteria
- biotin - folate - pantothenoic acid - riboflavin - thiamin - B6 - B12 - K
59
Vitamin A and K are produced in
colon
60
Consequence of having a low blood pH
protein conformation change, slightly denatured
61
Food stays __ hrs in the small intestine
7-8
62
Food stays __ hrs in the colon
12-14
63
Food stays __ hrs in the stomach
1-2
64
GERD
= Gastro Esophageal Reflux Disease | stomach acid chyme goes through oesophagus due to a lose sphincter
65
Enzyme made in liver that detoxifies toxin
CATALASE | H202--> H20+02
66
Where is bile stocked ?
gallbladder
67
Bile
emulsifies fats and oils so that enzymes can have access and digest
68
Where is bile made ?
Liver
69
Is pancreas endocrine or exocrine?
BOTH : - endocrine - produces insulin - exocrine - excretes secretin
70
What secretes secretin?
pancreas
71
Pancreatic fluid =
bicarbonate, proteases, lipases, amylases
72
Atherosclerosis
build up of plaques in blood vessels that carry oxygen and nutrients (arteries) arteries become stiff, rigid, non expandable, have a narrow lumen
73
What does atherosclerosis cause
- less blood flow, higher blood pressure, increase in clotting - cardiovascular diseases
74
Different types of atherosclerosis
- Coronary Heart Disease : narrows the coronary artery (near heart), heart attack can occur, won't supply O2 and nutrients, surgery can bypass it - Peripheral Artery Disease : narrowed arteries reduce blood flow to limbs, extremeties
75
Symptoms of atherosclerosis
None, can be thin and have it
76
Exchange of 02 and C02
- in tissues : RBS give O2 and absorb CO2 | - in lungs : RBCs give CO2 and absorb O2 from air
77
Measuring atherosclerosis
- cardiac output : volume of blood pumped by heart within a specific period of time - peripheral resistance : resistance to pumped blood in the small arterial branches that carry blood to tissues
78
Non modifiable risk factors of atherosclerosis
- age - sex - genetics
79
Modifiable risk factors of atherosclerosis
- smoking - stress - sedentary behaviour - atherogenic dite - obesity - hypertension - high LDL/low HDL - high TG - high homocysteine - diabetes - chronic inflammation
80
Between a man older than 55 years of age and a women older than 55 years of age, which one has the higher risk of atherosclerosis?
Men have a higher risk than women
81
atherogenic diet
``` high energy high sat fat high alcohol low fiber high GI low (high) vitamins/minerals ```
82
Metabolic syndrome
any 3 of these factors: - abdominal obesity > 40inches, > 35 inches - triglycerides ≧ 150mg/dL - HDL <40mg/dL (men), <50mg (women) - Blood pressure > 120/80 - Fasting glucose : ≧ 100mg/dL
83
What would you advise the population to prevent chronic disease?
Make dietary changes to prevent disease | Screening tests
84
At what pH does pepsin work?
Low pH , it becomes inactive and digested when it enters the high pH of the small intestine

Nutrition and health (7 decks)

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