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Nutrition and health > Lipids > Flashcards

Lipids Flashcards

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1
Q

95% of fat in food and human body is in the form of __

A

triglycerides

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2
Q

triglyceride

A

1 glycerol

3 fatty acids (unsat or sat)

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3
Q

__ C is most abundant in food

A

18

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4
Q

2 types of fatty acids

A
  • saturated : no double bonds

- unsaturated : double bonds (mono, poly)

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5
Q

Which FA is more resistant to oxidation

A

saturated

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6
Q 
Long chain  (\_\_ C)
Medium chain  (\_\_ C)
Short chain (\_\_ C)
A 
Long chain  (>16C)
Medium chain  (8-12C)
Short chain (2-6C)
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7
Q

Stearic acid

A

C18 - 0DB

most animal fats

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8
Q

Oleic acid

A

C18 - 1 DB

olives, canola

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9
Q

linoleic acid

A

C18 - 2 DB = omega 6

sunflower, safflower, soybean, corn

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10
Q

linolenic acid

A

C18 - 3 DB = omega 3

flaxseed, canola, walnuts

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11
Q

How to name fatty acid by double bonds ?

A

Start at methyl end
1st position of double bond is the name
ex: omega 3 (DB at 3’)

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12
Q

How are triglycerides formed ?

A

condensation reaction

  • H atom (glycerol) combined with OH (FA)
  • forms H20
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13
Q

Coconut oil = __% saturate fat

A

87

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14
Q

Hydrogenation

A

Process during which unsaturated fatty acids may be converted to saturated fatty acids.

  • increases shelf life
  • alters texture : makes liquid fat -> solid fat
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15
Q

What is the stereochemistry of dbs in nature?

A

cis

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16
Q

What type of fatty acids derive from hydrogenation?

A

trans fatty acids

- bad for health

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17
Q

Phospholipids composition

A
  • glycerol
  • 2 fatty acids
  • phosphorous molecule
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18
Q

Lipids

A
  • triglycerides
  • phospholipids
  • sterols
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19
Q

Are phospholipids soluble in water?

A

Yes - thanks to phosphorous group

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20
Q

Are phospholipids soluble in fat?

A

Yes - thanks to FA

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21
Q

Phosphorous is soluble in water and fat, it is an

A

emulsifier

ex: lecithin

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22
Q

Why are our membranes made of phospholipids?

A

allows lipid double vitamins and hormones to pass

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23
Q

Sterols

A

Large rings of carbon atoms

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24
Q

Most common sterol

A

Cholesterol

  • made in liver
  • precursor for bile, hormones, vit D
  • not an essential nutrient
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25
which sterols inhibit cholesterol absorption?
Plant sterols
26
Function of TG
provide energy insulate body protects against shock
27
animal fats, tropical oils
saturated fatty acids
28
vegetable oils, olive, canola, peanut
rich in monounsaturated FA
29
flaxseed, fish oil
rich in omega 3 PUFA
30
OMEGA 6
pro-inflammatory | BAD
31
OMEGA 3
anti-inflammatory | GOOD
32
Are most fat mixtures of saturated, MU, PU fatty acids?
Yes
33
Essential fatty acids
= ones the human body can't make, required from diet - Linoleic (omega 6, C18:2) - alpha linolenic (omega 3, C18:3)
34
Primary member of omega 6 family
LINOLEIC ACID
35
Primary member of omega 6 family
LINOLEIC ACID | - can make arachidonic acid (20:4)
36
Primary member of omega 3 family
ALPHA LINOLENIC - can made eicosapentaeonoic acid (C20:5) - and docosahexaenoic (C22:6)
37
Linoleic and alpha linolenic are components of
membrane phospholipids
38
EPA
eicosapentaeonoic acid (C20:5)
39
DHA
docosahexaenoic (C22:6)
40
Where can you get EPA & DHA?
from fatty fish or from alpha-linolenic
41
Conditionally essential FA
non essential FA that must be supplied by the diet in special circumstances ex: arachidonic acid
42
What are the 2 enzymes in pathways of polyunsaturated fa synthesis?
- desaturase : adds 1 or more doubles | - elongase : produces additional carbons
43
Omega 6 pathway
Linoleic acid C18:2 > desaturate > C18:3 > elongase> C20:3> desaturase > Arachidonic acid 20:4
44
Omega 3 pathway
alpha linolenic > D > C18:4 > E > C20:4 > D > EPA C20:5 > E D > DHA C22:6
45
What can the body convert to oleic acid?
Stearic acid is converted to oleic by desaturase | They aren't essential
46
Eating omega 6 FA
- increases blood clotting, platelet aggregation, blood pressure, cvd risk
47
Eating Omega 3 FA they key double bonds give the __ effect
- decreases blood clotting, platelet aggregation, blood pressure, cvd risk, inflammation opposite
48
Eicosanoids
- derivatives of 20C fatty acids (made from EPA, arachidonic acid) - includes prostaglandins, thromboxans, leukotrienes
49
Sources of omega 3
fish, fish oil supplements, Lovaza
50
RDA ratio W3-W6
1-10
51
Phospholipids
Soluble in water and fat (=emulsifier) - 1 glycerol - 2 FAs - phosphate group + choline ex: lecithin
52
Role of plant sterols
inhibit cholesterol absorption
53
Lipid digestion
mouth : salivary lingual lipase hydrolyses lipids stomach : gastric lipases hydrolyse fat small intestine : - fat triggers CCK (cholecystokinin) signals gallbladder to release bile. Bile emulsifies into small droplets. - secretin signals pancreas to produce pancreatic lipase into intestine, hydrolyses TGS into monoglycerides, glycerol, FA
54
Which fatty molecules diffuse easily and are directly absorbed by intestinal cells?
glycerol short chain fa medium chain fa
55
Larger molecules (monoglycerides, long chain fa) merge into __ and become new TG. This new TG is packed into __
micelles | chylomicrons (lipoprotein that transports lipids)
56
Where are chylomicrons released?
lymphatic system, by intestinal cells (through lacteal vessels)
57
Where do chylomicrons enter bloodstream ?
at thoracic duct
58
Lipoproteins are transport vesicles for lipids in the __
lymph & blood
59
4 lipoproteins
- CM - VLDL - LDL - HDL
60
Chylomicrons
- least dense - largest - mostly TG - from small intestine to rest of body, become smaller
61
VLDL
- made by liver - TG - travels through body and shrinks
62
LDL
- derived from VLDL - composition : cholesterol - makes cholesterol available to cells of all tissues
63
HDL
- smallest - most dense - 1/2 protein - removes cholesterol form cells and carries it back to liver for recycling or disposal - anti-inflammatory
64
the difference between HDL & LDL is the type of chol | T/F
FALSE | ≠ is proportion and type of lipids and proteins
65
Milky plasma after fatty meal ->
due to enlarged chylomicrons that don't let light pass
66
Familial hypercholesterolemia
high cholesterol | can't be evacuated
67
What do adipose tissues secrete
adipokines
68
Lipoprotein lipase
enzyme that hydrolyses TGS from lps, releasing fatty acids that enter adipose cells
69
hormone-sensitive lipase
enzyme inside adipose cell that responds to body's needs for fuel by hydrolysing TGS so FA + glycerol escape into circulation and become available to other cells for fuel responds to glucagon and epinephrine
70
Fasted state - insulin glucagon hormone sensitive lipase
- low insulin - high glucagon - high hormone sensitive lipase (lipolysis) - beta oxidation
71
Fed state - insulin glucagon fat synthesis
- high insulin - low glucagon - high fat synthesis - lots of VLDL releases - high LDL
72
Desirable blood profile: - total cholesterol - LDL chol - HDL chol - TG
- < 5 mmol/L - < 3.5 mmol/L - > 1.3mmol/L (women) >1.0 mmol/L (men) - < 1.7 mmol/L
73
Atherosclerosis
life long process | fat accumulation in artery (most susceptible : coronary)
74
Modified lipoproteins won't bind to receptor and accumulates, what can cause LDL modification ?
- smoking : oxidises LDL | - high blood glucoses : glycated LDL
75
Rate limiting enzyme of cholesterol synthesis
HMGCoA reductase (converts HMGCoa to Chol)
76
Statins
``` class of drugs that blocks HMGCoA reductase which decreases production of cholesterol ex: lipitor, crestor ```
77
__ regulates - number of LDL receptors - bile production
LIVER
78
How to reduce cholesterol absorption?
- phytosterols - soluble fiber - statins - vitorin (ezetimibe + statin) - Lovaza - Repatha
79
How to decrease CVD?
- PUFA, MUFA vs sat - more omega 3s, less omega 6 - weight loss, exercise, moderate alcohol - B vitamins - soluble fiber - carbs with low GI - plant sterols - cholesterol binding drugs - cholesterol inhibiting drugs (ezetimibe) - cholesterol synthesis inhibiting drugs (statin)
80
DRI for fat
20-35% energy
81
Max calories from saturated fat = __%
10%
82
RDA omega 6 PUFA
5-10% energy | 12-17g
83
RDA omega 3 PUFA
0. 6-1.2 % energy | 1. 1-1.6g

Nutrition and health (7 decks)

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