Integration of metabolism

Question 1

metabolism

Answer 1

sum of total of all the chemical reactions that on in living cells

Question 2

homeostasis

Answer 2

metabolic condition that is the result of dynamic processes to maintain a constant internal environment despite a changing external environment

Question 3

blood pH

Answer 3

7.4

=> due to homeostasis

Question 4

negative feedback

Answer 4

acts to resist any deviation

Question 5

Anabolism

Answer 5

building complex compounds, requires energy

ex: aa + aa -> protein

Question 6

Catabolism

Answer 6

breakdown large molecules into smaller ones, releases energy
ex: TG -> Glycerol + FA

Question 7

Fed state

Answer 7

anabolism

lots of nutrients -> requires energy

Question 8

Body uses mostly __ for its energy needs

Answer 8

carbs & fats

Question 9

PYRUVATE

Answer 9

• CAN make glucose

- 3 C compound

Question 10

ACETYLCOA

Answer 10

• CAN’T male glucose

- 2 carbon compound with CoA

Question 11

During digestion :
Protein ->
Carbohydrates ->
Fat ->

Answer 11

amino acids
glucose
glycerol + fatty acids

Question 12

amino acids ->
 - ketogenic -> 
 - glucogenic ->
glucose  
glycerol -> 
fatty acids ->

Answer 12

amino acids -> TCA cycle
 - ketogenic -> acetylcoa
 - glucogenic -> pyruvate
glucose  pyruvate
glycerol -> pyruvate
fatty acids -> acetylcoa

Question 13

What can’t make glucose?

Answer 13

• fatty acids
• ketogenic amino acids
  => acetyl coa

Question 14

What can make glucose?

Answer 14

• glucogenic amino acids
• glycerol
  => pyruvate

Question 15

Glucogenic amino acids can go to :

Answer 15

• pyruvate -> TCA
  OR
• TCA cycle directly

Question 16

Body can’t make __ aa

Answer 16

essential

Question 17

Functions of acetylcoa

What can make acetylcoa?

Answer 17

• synthesize fats
• generate ATP
• any molecule can make acetylcoa: amino acids, fatty acids, glycerol, glucose and therefore make FAT

Question 18

Which molecule can make FAT?

Answer 18

amino acids, fatty acids, glycerol, glucose

Question 19

Lipogenesis

Answer 19

Liver takes excess glucose and synthesises fat

acetyl coa is converted to triglyceride to make fat

Question 20

Pyruvate can be converted to

Answer 20

• acetyl coa
• lactate
• glucose

Question 21

FED state

Carbs - glucose -
fats - fa -
proteins - aa -

Answer 21

Carbs - glucose - liver & muscle glycogen stores + body fat stores

fats - fa - body fat stores

proteins - aa - body fat stores + body proteins + loss of nitrogen in urine (urea)

Question 22

SHORT term fast
liver & glycogen stores ->

body fat stores ->

Answer 22

liver & glycogen stores -> glucose -> energy for brain, nervous system, RBC + energy for other cells

body fat stores -> fatty acids -> energy for other cells

Question 23

LONG term fast
body protein ->
body fat ->

Answer 23

body protein ->
AA-> loss of nitrogen in urine +
AA-> glucose -> energy for brain, RBC, NS, other cells
AA-> ketone bodies -> energy for brain, RBC, NS, other cells

body fat ->
FA-> ketone bodies -> energy for brain, RBC, NS, other cells
FA-> energy for other cells

Question 24

glucose concentration in spinal fluid = of plasma glucose

Answer 24

2/3

Question 25

Eating too much fat promotes fat oxidation

Answer 25

FALSE

Question 26

Which energy yielding nutrients are broken down to acetylcoa?

Answer 26

protein carb fat

Question 27

Acetylcoa can :

Answer 27

enter tca cycle or make fat

Question 28

Fatty acids can/can't be used to make glucose

Answer 28

can't

Question 29

Excess glucose converted to fat happens in which state?

Answer 29

fed state

Question 30

Before going to liver, glucose goes through

Answer 30

Hepatic portal vein

Question 31

Fed state : anabolic or catabolic

Answer 31

anabolic

Question 32

FFA are bound to

Answer 32

albumin

Question 33

Condensation of __ forms a ketone

Answer 33

2 acetylcoa + removal of CO2

Question 34

ketone body

Answer 34

compounds produced during the incomplete breakdown of fat when glucose isn't available

Question 35

Ketogenic diet

Answer 35

= low carbs to promote fatty acid oxidation in absence of glucose side effects : nausea, constipation, low BP, fatigue, high uric acid, kidney disease