Nutrient Requirements

Question 1

The 6 classes of nutrients

Answer 1

• carbohydrates
• proteins
• lipids
• minerals
• vitamins
• water
  4 first are organic, 2 last are inorganic

Question 2

Phytochemicals

Answer 2

Non nutrient compound found in plant derived foods, have biological activity in the body

Question 3

example of phytochemicals

Answer 3

polyphenols, terpenes, sulfur compounds, saponins

Question 4

Xerophtlamia

Answer 4

vitamin A deficiency

Question 5

Goiter

Answer 5

iodine deficiency

Question 6

Beriberi

Answer 6

thiamin (B1) deficiency

Question 7

Pellagra

Answer 7

niacin deficiency

Question 8

Scurvy

Answer 8

Vitamin C deficiency

Question 9

Rickets

Answer 9

Vitamin D deficiency

Question 10

Malnutrition and infection together are a negative spiral, why?

Answer 10

disease > appetite loss > impaired nutrition status > weakened immunity > worsened disease > further loss of appetite

Question 11

Epidemiological studies

Answer 11

control of disease in a population, no control of variables

• cross-sectional
• case control
• cohort

Question 12

Experimental studies

Answer 12

cause and effect relationships, no generalisation, ethical complications

• lab based animal
• lab based in vitro
• human intervention

Question 13

Cornerstones of nutrition research

Answer 13

• randomized
• placebo-controlles
• double-blinded
• representative sample
• ethics
• sample sizes

Question 14

Essential nutrient

Answer 14

indispensable, diet must supply them

ex: ascorbic acid (for primates + guinea pigs), arginine (for babies)

Question 15

Is cholesterol an essential nutrient ?

Answer 15

NO

Question 16

A set of nutrient intake values for healthy people

(in Canada, US), these are different for people with diseases

Answer 16

Dietary Reference Intakes

includes: EAR, RDL, AI, UL

Question 17

EAR

Answer 17

Estimated average requirements
= amount of a nutrient in the diet needed to meet the average needs of an age/gender group to avoid deficiency, maintain long-term health, achieve some measurable biochemical or functional outcome

Question 18

Should we consume the EAR value?

Answer 18

NO - always consume more than EAR
(EAR represents 50% of population’s consumption)
Deficiencies can occur

Question 19

RDA

Answer 19

Recommended Dietary Allowances
= average daily amount of a nutrient considered adequate to meet known nutrient needs of practically all healthy individuals

Question 20

Should we consume the RDA value?

Answer 20

YES - meets needs of most healthy people (97.5%)

Question 21

AI

Answer 21

Adequate intakes

= average amount of a nutrient that a group of healthy people consume when no RDAs exist

Question 22

AI vs RDA

Answer 22

AI values are more tentative

When not enough data for RDA value

Question 23

What is the EAR used for?

Answer 23

• to assess the adequacy of a population’s food supply

- used as the basis for calculating the RDAs for individuals

Question 24

UL

Answer 24

Tolerable Upper Intake Levels
= maximum daily amount of a nutrient that appears safe for most healthy people and beyond which there is an increase risk of adverse health affects

Question 25

What happens if we consume more than UL

Answer 25

toxicity

Question 26

If a person consumes above RDA

Answer 26

adequate because meets needs of almost all healthy people

Question 27

If a person consumes between RDA and EAR

Answer 27

chances are equal that the intake is either - adequate or - inadequate

Question 28

If a person consumes below EAR

Answer 28

probably inadequate, becomes dangerous

Question 29

Probability of being deficient when consume RDA

Answer 29

2.5%

Question 30

Probability of being deficient when consume EAR

Answer 30

50%

Question 31

Benefits of going over RDA

Answer 31

none

Question 32

EER

Answer 32

Estimated Energy Requirement = average dietary energy intake (kcal/day) that will maintain energy balance in a person who has a healthy body weight and level of physical activity

Question 33

On what does the EER depend

Answer 33

height age weight physical activity

Question 34

What is the UL for energy

Answer 34

NONE because excess energy = weight gain

Question 35

RDA applies for macronutrients or micro?

Answer 35

only micronutrients (vitamins & minerals) and energy

Question 36

For macronutrients, there is no RDA but __

Answer 36

AMDR = Acceptable macronutrient Distribution Ranges

Question 37

AMDR

Answer 37

= ranges of intakes for energy-yielding nutrients that provide adequate energy and nutrients and reduce risk of chronic disease

Question 38

AMDR for carbs

Answer 38

45-65% (900-1300 kcal = 225-325g)

Question 39

AMDR for fat

Answer 39

20-35% (400-700 kcal = 44-78g)

Question 40

AMDR for protein

Answer 40

10-35% (200-700 kcal = 50-175g)

Question 41

In a group which DRI do you use

Answer 41

EAR

Question 42

For an individual, which DRI to use

Answer 42

RDA

Question 43

You want to develop food product by the industry, should you take the EAR or RDA

Answer 43

EAR

Question 44

You want to plan and procure food supplies for schools, should you take the EAR or RDA

Answer 44

EAR

Question 45

What happens if use RDA for a group

Answer 45

would target higher than what people need

Question 46

Misuses of RDA & EAR

Answer 46

evaluating special nutritional needs from metabolic disorder, chronic illness, premature birth

Question 47

You want to plant the diet of a patient with cardiovascular disease, which DRI do you use?

Answer 47

NONE