Flashcards in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Deck (36):
1
Define bronchitis
Inflammation of large airways
2
What is the difference between asthma and bronchitis?
Asthma affects the small airways while bronchitis inflames the large airways
3
What are some causes of bronchitis?
Air pollution, Allergies, Occupational hazards
4
What are some symptoms of bronchitis?
Cough
Mucus production
Shortness of breath
Wheezing
Cyanosis in severe cases
5
What are some treatment options for bronchitis?
Short-term steroid therapy
Bronchodilators
Hydration
Antibiotics
6
Emphysema is associated with inhalation or exhalation?
Emphysema is the impaired ability to exhale
7
What is the most common cause of emphysema?
Smoking
8
Emphysema effects what part of the airways?
Terminal
9
What are some of the treatment options for emphysema?
Short-acting bronchodilators
Long-acting anti-cholinergic bronchodilators
Inhaled corticosteroids
Oral steroids
Antibiotics
Oxygen in endstage
10
What type of lung infection is associated with swelling and mucus buildup in the bronchioles due to a viral infection and is commonly seen in children under two years of age?
Bronchiolitis
11
What are some of the symptoms of bronchiolitis?
Shortness of breath
Cough
Wheezing
12
What are some treatment options for bronchiolitis?
Antibiotics
Hydration
Chest physical therapy
Steroid therapy
Bronchodilators
13
Bronchiolitis infects primarily the larger or smaller airways?
Larger
14
What is bronchiectasis?
Loss of airway wall integrity
--Destruction and widening of large airways
15
What is a common cause of bronchiectasis
Cystic fibrosis causes about half of the cases
16
What are some symptoms of bronchiectasis?
Shortness of breath
Cyanosis
Halitosis (bad breath)
Chronic cough with sputum
Finger clubbing
17
What are some of the treatment options for bronchiectasis?
Hydration
Antibiotics
Antiviral drugs
Humidified oxygen and IV fluids
18
Which disease has the nickname "pink puffer?"
Pulmonary emphysema
Think about taking a puff from a cigarette
19
Which pulmonary disease has the nickname "blue bloater?"
Chronic bronchitis
20
Which divisions of the airway are conducting and which are responsible for gas exchange?
1-16: conducting
17-23: gas exchange
21
What type of cell produces surfactant?
Type II alveolar cell
22
What are the six risk factors that predispose patients to post operative pulmonary dysfunction?
1. Pre-existing pulmonary disease***
2. Thoracic or upper abdominal surgery
3. Smoking (major factor for developing COPD)
4. Obesity
5. Age > 60
6. Prolonged general anesthesia
23
How will a pulmonary function test differ in a normal patient versus one with chronic constructive pulmonary disease?
COPD patient will have:
decreased ERV
Increased FRC and RV
Increased TLC
24
Bronchospasm effects inspiration or expiration?
Inspiration
Remember the "shark fin" capnogram
25
FEV/FVC <____% = COPD
70
26
When there is an increased difficulty on expiration because of the airflow resistance what happens in COPD patients?
Increased air trapping
--RV and TLC increase
27
How long before surgery should the patient discontinue smoking?
They shouldn't have started
But since they did 6-8 weeks
28
What effect does cigarette smoking have on mucus production and clearance?
Increases mucus production and decreases clearance
29
What are some important factors to assess preoperatively?
SpO2 on room air
Listen to breath sounds
History
Medications
30
What is an important factor to be mindful of before extubating a patient with COPD?
Full reversal from NMBs
31
What type of ventilation will optimize lung function in COPD patients?
Controlled mechanical ventilation
-May not tolerate spontaneous ventilation without assistance
32
What type of respiratory rate is most efficient for COPD patients?
Slow respiratory rate provide sufficient time for complete exhalation
33
Make sure you look at pictures of the flow volume loops
Obstructive lung diseases will be more to the left and restrictive's will be to the right
34
What type of extubation may be beneficial for a patient with a reactive airway?
Deep
35
Patients with emphysema would best tolerate what type of extubation?
Awake
36