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BIOLOGY > circulation - exam 3 > Flashcards

circulation - exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

diffusion

A

one way to bring oxygen into cells

gases move from high to low concentrations

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2
Q

body plan needed for diffusion

A

requires large surface area

only works for thin animals

diffusion inversely related to distance

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3
Q

gastrovascular cavity

A

instead of a circulatory system

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4
Q

3 main features of circulatory systems

A

fluid

vessels

a pump

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5
Q

functions of circulatory systems

A

transport & exchange of respiratory gases

transport of nutrients, hormones, & immune cells

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6
Q

who has open circulatory systems

A

invertebrates

(not all)

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7
Q

fluid in open circulatory systems

A

hemolymph

mixes w/ interstitial fluid because the tubes are open ended

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8
Q

tradeoffs of open circulatory systems

A

does not require much energy

cannot move oxygen or nutrients quickly

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9
Q

who has closed circulatory systems

A

all vertebrates & some invertebrates

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10
Q

fluid in closed circ systems

A

blood in closed vessels

separate from interstitial fluid

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11
Q

tradeoffs of closed circ systems

A

uses a lot of energy

quickly delivers oxygen

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12
Q

arteries

A

carry blood away from heart

under high pressure from the heart

thick & elastic

surrounded by smooth muscle

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13
Q

arterioles

A

smaller than arteries

take the blood to capillaries

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14
Q

capillaries

A

microscopic vessels w/ thin porous walls

surround tissues & exchange surfaces

site of gas & nutrient exchange

blood slows down here

venules

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15
Q

why does blood slow down in the capillaries

A

big artery flows into MANY tiny capillaries

the total area of capillaries > area of artery

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16
Q

vein

A

carries blood back to the heart

under less pressure than arteries

thin & thin walled

valves

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17
Q

valves

A

help blood get back to the heart against gravity

close off section by section of veins so the blood can’t fall back down

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18
Q

what do the muscles in the walls of veins & venules do

A

help return blood to the heart

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19
Q

varicose veins

A

swollen veins

caused by damage to valves

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20
Q

atrium

A

chamber of the heart that receives blood

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21
Q

ventricle

A

chamber of the heart that pumps blood out

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22
Q

single circulation

A

blood travels through the body in a single loop

blood flows the heart ONCE

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23
Q

single circulation process

A

heart pumps once to take blood to respiratory surface & to body (where it slows down)

contraction of muscles speeds up circulation

24
Q

what type of animals use single circulation

A

fish

25
Q

double circulation

A

2 circuits of blood flow

blood flows through the heart TWICE

26
Q

pulmocutaneous circuit

A

right side of the heart pumps oxygen poor blood into capillary beds & oxygen moves in

27
Q

what types of animals use pulmocutaneous circuits

A

amphibians

28
Q

systemic circuit

A

left side of heart pumps oxygen rich blood to the rest of the body

29
Q

ventricle in double circulation for amphibians

A

mixing of oxygen rich & poor blood

30
Q

why is ventricle in double circ in amphibians efficient

A

intermittent breathers

when underwater, incomplete division of ventricle allows frogs to shut off blood flow to lungs & shift it to the skin

31
Q

pulmonary circuit

A

right side of heart pumps oxygen poor blood into capillary beds & oxygen moves in

no “cutaneous” –> don’t breathe through skin

32
Q

what types of animals use pulmonary circuits

A

mammals

33
Q

how many chambers in mammal hearts

A

4 chambers

ventricles divided

34
Q

result of divided ventricles

A

no mixing of oxygen rich & poor blood

very efficient - supports endothermic way of life

35
Q

4 major components of blood

A

plasma

red blood cells
platelets
white cells

36
Q

plasma

A

liquid portion of blood

contains dissolved nutrients, hormones, gases

37
Q

platelets

A

help form blood clots

38
Q

white cells

A

immune defenses against invaders

39
Q

red blood cells

A

transport oxygen to all tissues in the body

erythrocytes

40
Q

what is the protein found in RBCs

A

hemoglobin

41
Q

where are rbcs made

A

stem cells from bone marrow

42
Q

how does the shape of RBCs support their function

A

flat w/ little divot on top

increased surface area for diffusion of oxygen

hemoglobin stored in divot

43
Q

hemoglobin function

A

transports oxygen

44
Q

what is hemoglobin made up of

A

4 protein strands with hemes

45
Q

hemes

A

groups in the protein strands of hemoglobins

iron at the center

46
Q

purpose of iron

A

bonds 1 oxygen molecule

makes blood red

47
Q

how many molecules of oxygen can 1 hemoglobin molecule carry

A

4

48
Q

what happens when oxygen binds to one subunit of hemoglobin

A

the shape changes to increase affinity for oxygen

49
Q

what happens when oxygen is released from 1 subunit of hemoglobin

A

the shape changes to decrease affinity for oxygen

50
Q

cooperativity

A

allows hemoglobin to pick up the largest load of oxygen in the lungs

& to dropoff the largest load in distant tissue

51
Q

carbon monoxide & hemoglobin

A

carbon monoxide binds irreversibly to hemoglobin

it has a higher affinity than oxygen

52
Q

what causes oxygen to dissociate from hemoglobin

A

drop in oxygen pressure

co2 production

53
Q

Bohr shift

A

hemoglobin releases even more oxygen when you exercise

54
Q

feedback loop that maintains RBCs

A

low oxygen detected by kidney

kidney secretes erythropoietin (EPO)

EPO causes bone marrow to make RBCs

high oxygen is detected by kidney

no more EPO released

55
Q

respiratory adaptations in deep sea diving mammals

A

more blood - can store more oxygen

more myoglobin

blood not routed to muscles - muscles use myoglobin

56
Q

myoglobin

A

oxygen storing protein IN MUSCLES rather than in blood

BIOLOGY (31 decks)

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