prokaryotes & human microbiome - exam 1

Question 1

ribosomes

Answer 1

sites of protein synthesis

Question 2

chromosome

Answer 2

bacterial dna

found in nucleoid region - no actual nucleus membrane to contain it

circular

Question 3

cell wall

Answer 3

bacterial wall contains peptidoglycan

Question 4

flagellum

Answer 4

allow cell to move around

Question 5

human microbiome

Answer 5

all the microorganisms that live in & on us

diverse
pathogens - disease causing
commensals - mutalist relationships

Question 6

model organism

Answer 6

non-human species used to understand biological phenomena

discoveries provide insight into workings of other organisms

Question 7

gut development

Answer 7

raised in sterile environment (less diverse microbiome) = gut didn’t develop fully or correctly

Question 8

brain development

Answer 8

brain activity in germ-free mice differs in over 100 genes compared to control mice

Question 9

gut –> brain in axis

Answer 9

influence on:

neurotransmitters

stress/anxiety

mood

behavior

Question 10

brain –> gut in axis

Answer 10

influence on:

weight gain

bowel movements

nutrient delivery

microbial balance

Question 11

the vagus nerve

Answer 11

gut-brain link

microbes prompt nueropod cells of the gut lining to stimulate nerve, which connects directly to brain

Question 12

short-chain fatty acid

Answer 12

gut-brain link

secreted by microbes –> blood vessels –> route to brain

Question 13

serotonin

Answer 13

gut-brain link

95% made in gut

microbes stimulate specific cells in the gut lining

sends hormones throughout ur body

Question 14

immune system

Answer 14

gut-brain link

gut microbes influence immune cells & inflammation which can affect the brain

Question 15

microbiome competition

Answer 15

good bacteria keeps bad bacteria in check

Question 16

fecal transplant

Answer 16

healthy fecal matter microbiome mixed w/ unhealthy microbiome –> good bacteria keeps bad in check

Question 17

antibiotics

Answer 17

not selevtive

kills all bacteria, even the good stuff

Question 18

quorum sensing

Answer 18

system of stimulus & response correlated to population density

Question 19

quorum sensing antiobiotic

Answer 19

disease causing bacteria have quorum sensing molecule & become harmful at high density

anti-quorum sensing molecule drug binds to receptor

now the one that sense pop. can’t bind & it doesn’t become harmful

Question 20

extreme halophiles

Answer 20

salt loving

Question 21

methanogens

Answer 21

live in O2 free environments

methane generators

live where there’s no oxygen

Question 22

extreme thermophiles

Answer 22

heat loving