review - exam 2

Question 1

G1 checkpoint

Answer 1

growth factor present

cell big enough

dna undamaged

Question 2

G2 checkpoint

Answer 2

dna replication complete

dna intact

Question 3

M checkpoint

Answer 3

chromosomes attached to kinetochore MTs

Question 4

papilloma virus

Answer 4

p53 is degraded & a cell w/ dna damage would be allowed to pass through G1 checkpoint

Question 5

how many chromosomes in one of your body cells that has duplicated its chromosomes prior to mitosis

Answer 5

46

Question 6

what does it mean when a trait is dominant

Answer 6

only 1 allele is needed to express a phenotype

1/2 of protein is abnormal – impacts phenotype

Question 7

what does it mean when a trait is recessive

Answer 7

2 alleles are needed to express a phenotype

1/2 the amount of normal protein – normal phenotype

Question 8

how do diploid cells have homologus chromosomes

Answer 8

fertilization

Question 9

how do diploid cells have sister chromatids

Answer 9

DNA replication

Question 10

2n = 42 cell –> how many chromosomes & chromatids at the end of meiosis I

Answer 10

21 chromosomes & 42 chromatids

Question 11

translocation

Answer 11

A genetic change in which a piece of one chromosome breaks off and attaches to another chromosome

Question 12

x link recessive traits

Answer 12

will only ever see males w/ it – they can only get their X from their mom

not seen in every generation

Question 13

x linked dominant

Answer 13

seen in every generation

Question 14

is the lymphatic system involved in digestion/absoprtion/circulation of lipids

Answer 14

yes

Question 15

where is bile released to emulsify fats

Answer 15

in the small intestine

Question 16

how does ATP energize cellular processes

Answer 16

by direct chemical transfer of a phosphate group

Question 17

chemiosmosis

Answer 17

production of proton gradient & movement of protons through ATP synthase

Question 18

fermentation

Answer 18

happens in the absence of oxygen

glycolosis occurs the same – 2 ATP made

pyruvate processing is different
either produces lactic acid or ethanol

Question 19

can humans produce ethanol

Answer 19

no

yeast produces it

Question 20

possible defects when unable to digest fats

Answer 20

bile or pancreatic lipase not doing their job

fewer or smaller microvilli

defect in lacteals

Question 21

what would happen if salivary glands were missing

Answer 21

chemical digestion in mouth would not occur

lack of mucus –> harming of esophagus

lack of antibacterial agents

Question 22

countercurrent exchange

Answer 22

1 way flow

respiratory medium - water

ex - fish

Question 23

what makes countercurrent exchange the most efficient

Answer 23

gradient for oxygen diffusion along the entire respiratory surface

Question 24

cross current exchange

Answer 24

1 way flow

respiratory medium - air

ex - birds

Question 25

why is cross current exchange also pretty efficient

Answer 25

gradient for diffusion along MOST of the respiratory surface

Question 26

tidal flow

Answer 26

2 way flow - mixing stale & fresh air

ex - mammals & amphibians

Question 27

why is tidal flow not efficient

Answer 27

gradient for oxygen diffusion along only part of the respiratory surface