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CLARIFICATION Flashcards

1
Q

Used to describe processes that involve
the removal or separation of a solid from a
fluid, or a fluid from another fluid

A

Clarification

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2
Q

encompasses both liquids
and gases

A

fluid

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3
Q

Clarification can be achieved using either ___________ or ________ techniques

A

filtration or
centrifugation

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4
Q

2 main reasons for clarification

A
  • To remove unwanted solid particles from
    either a liquid product or from air
  • To collect the solid as the product itself (eg
    following crystallization)
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5
Q

Types of Clarification

A
  • Filtration
  • Centrifugation
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6
Q

Types of Filtration

A
  • Solid/fluid filtration (solid/liquid filtration,
    solid/gas filtration)
  • Fluid/fluid filtration
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7
Q

Separation of an insoluble solid from a fluid by
means of a porous medium that retains the solid
but allows the fluid to pass

A

Solid/Fluid Filtration

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8
Q

Most common type of filtration encountered
during the manufacture of pharmaceutical
products

A

Solid/Fluid Filtration

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9
Q

Solid/Fluid Filtration is Subdivided into 2 types:

A

solid/liquid filtration and
solid/gas filtration

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10
Q

Removal of immiscible oils or liquid by
passing them through an appropriate filter

A

Fluid/Fluid Filtration

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11
Q

Mechanisms of Filtration

A
  • Straining/Sieving
  • Impingement
  • Attractive forces
  • Autofiltration
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12
Q

f the pores in the filter medium through which
the fluid is flowing are smaller than the material
that is required to be removed, the material will
be retained

A

Straining/Sieving

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13
Q

Filtration occurs on the surface of the filter in this
case, and therefore the filter can be very thin.

A

Straining/Sieving

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14
Q

Filter media of this type is referred to
MEMBRANE FILTER

A

Straining/Sieving

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15
Q

Use of membrane filters include the removal of
bacteria and fibers from parenteral preparations

A

Straining/Sieving

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16
Q

As flowing fluid approaches and passes
an object, doe example a filter fiber, the
fluid flow pattern is disturbed.

A

Impingement

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17
Q

Suspended
solids, may, however, have sufficient
momentum that they do not follow the fluid
path but impinge on the filter fiber and are
retained, owing to attractive forces
between particles and the fiber

A

Impingement

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18
Q

Electrostatic and other surface forces may
exert sufficient force on the particles to
attract and retain them on the filter
medium

A

Attractive Forces

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19
Q

Air can be freed from dust particles is an
electrostatic precipitator by passing the air
between highly charged surfaces, which
attract the dust particles

A

Attractive Forces

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20
Q

Describe the situation when filtered
material ( termed as filter cake) acts as its
own filter medium.

A

Autofiltration

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21
Q

Mechanism is used by metafilter

A

Autofiltration

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22
Q

Factors affecting the rate of
filtration

A
  • Area available for filtration-
    Pressure difference across the filter bed
  • Viscosity of the fluid passing through the
    filter
  • Thickness of the filter medium and any
    deposited cake
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23
Q

Methods used to increase
filtration rate

A
  • Increase the area available for filtration
  • Increase the pressure difference across
    the filter cake
  • Decrease the filtrate viscosity
  • Decrease the thickness of the filter cake
  • Increase the permeability of the cake
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24
Q

Filtration Equipment

A

n Used for filtering liquids
n Filtering gases (mainly air) are also
available
n Equipment selection

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25
Ideally the equipment chosen should allow a ____________ to minimize production costs, be cheap to buy and run, be easily cleaned and resistant to corrosion, and be capable of filtering large volumes of products before the filter needs stripping down for cleaning or replacing
fast filtration rate
26
Product-related factors that should be considered when selecting a filter for a particular process
Chemical nature of the products n Volume to be filtered and the filtration rate required n Operating pressure needed n Amount of material to be removed n Degree of filtration required n Product viscosity and filtration temperature
27
Filters for liquid products may be classified by the method used to drive the filtrate through the filter medium
Industrial Filtration Equipment
28
Filters can be organized into 3 classes:
Gravity, vacuum and pressure filters
29
Filters that rely solely on gravity only generate _________ operating pressures, and therefore, use on a large scale is limited
low
30
use on a large scale is limited
Gravity Filters
31
Simple and cheap, and are frequently used in laboratory, where volumes are small and a low filtration rate is relatively unimportant
Gravity Filters
32
Rotary vacuum filters
Vacuum Filters
33
Continuous in operation and has a system for removing the cake so that it can be rum for long periods handling concentrated slurries
Vacuum Filters
34
Automatic and continuous in operation, so that labor costs are very low
Rotary Vacuum Filters
35
Filter has a large capacity
Rotary Vacuum Filters
36
Variation of the speed of rotation enables the cake thickness to be controlled, and for solids that form an impenetrable cake the thickness may be limited to less than 5mm
Rotary Vacuum Filters
37
(Rotary Vacuum Filters) On the other hand, if the solids are coarse, forming a ___________, the thickness may be 100 mm or more
porous
38
Complex piece of equipment with many moving parts and is very expensive
Rotary filters
39
ancillary equipment such as vacuum pumps, slurry receivers and traps, slurry pumps and agitators are required
Rotary filters
40
Cake tends to crack because of the air drawn through by the vacuum system, so that washing and drying are not efficient
Rotary filters
41
Being a vacuum filter, pressure difference is limited to 1 bar and hot filtrates may boi
Rotary filters
42
suitable only for straightforward slurries, being less satisfactory if the solids form an impermeable cake or will not separate cleanly from the cloth
Rotary filters
43
Most suitable for continuous operation on a large quantities of slurry, especially of the slurry contains considerable amounts of solids, that is, in the range of 15-30%
Pressure Filters
44
Collection of calcium carbonate, magnesium carbonate and starch, and the separation of the mycelia from the fermentation liquor in the manufacture of antibiotics
Pressure Filters
45
Feed the products to the filter at a pressure greater than that which would arise from gravity alone
Pressure Filters
46
Most common type of filter used on the processing of pharmaceutical products
Pressure Filters
47
Metafilters, cartridge filters, cross-flow microfiltration
Pressure Filters
48
Consists of a grooved drainage rod on which is packed a series of metal rings. These rings, usually of stainless steel, are about 15 mm inside diameter, 22 mm outside diameter and 0.8 mm in thickness, with a number of semicircular projections on one surface
Metafilters
49
Strainer for coarse particles, but for finer particles abed of a suitable material is first build up over the rings
Metafilters
50
The pack of rings, serves essentially as a base on which the true filter medium is supported
Metafilters
51
Possesses considerable strength and high pressures can be used with no danger of bursting
Metafilters
52
As there is no filter medium as such, the running costs are low and it is very economica
Metafilters
53
Can be made from materials (such as stainless steel) that can provide excellent resistance to corrosion and avoid contamination of the product
Metafilters
54
By selecting of a suitable grade of material to form the filter bed it is possible to remove very fine particles; in fact, it is possible to sterilize a liquid using this filter
Metafilters
55
Used almost exclusively for clarifying liquids where contaminant level is low
Metafilters
56
The strength of the metafilter permits the use of high pressures (up to 15 bar), making the method suitable for __________
viscous liquid
57
Clarifying syrups, injection solutions, insulin liquors
Metafilters
58
Commonly used in the preparation of pharmaceutical products, as they possess a very large filtration area in a small unit and are easy and relatively cheap to operate
Cartridge Filters
59
Consist of cylindrical cartridge containing highly pleated material (PTFE or nylon) or string wound material (wound like a ball of string)
Cartridge Filters
60
Cartridge then fits in a metal supporting cylinder and the product is pumped under pressure into one end of the cylinder surrounding the filter cartridge.
Cartridge Filters
61
The filtrate (in Cartridge Filters) is forced through the filter cartridge from the __________________, from where it exits through the other end of the support cylinder
periphery to the inner hollow core
62
Disposable and good for applications where there is low contamination levels
Cartridge Filters
63
Cross flow microfiltration's membrane consists of _________, is laid down within fiber which forms a rigid porous outer support
polysulphone, acrylonitrile or polyamide
64
Lumen of each fiber is small, typically 1-2 micrometer – but a large number of them can be contained in a surrounding shell to form a cartridge which have an effective filtration area of over 2 m2
Cross-Flow Microfiltration
65
Used for fractionation of biological products by first using a filter of pore size sufficient to let all the wanted molecules through, and then passing the permeate through a filter which will retain the required molecules while passing smaller unwanted molecules
Cross-Flow Microfiltration
66
Blood plasma can be processed to remove alcohol and water and prepare concentrated purified water.
Cross-Flow Microfiltration
67
The process has been suggested for the recovery of antibiotics from fermentation media
Cross-Flow Microfiltration
68
_________ can be used either to provide the driving force for the filtration process or to replace the gravitational force in sedimentation processes
Centrifugal force
69
used in the laboratory to separate solid material from liquid, the solid typically forming a plug at the bottom of the test tube at the end of the process
Centrifuges
70
Perforated basket centrifuges and tubular bowl centrifuges
Centrifugation

Manuf (12 decks)

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