Class 1 Flashcards by Deleted Deleted

Primary functions of the muscular system

equilibrium
force
work
transport
heat production

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Equilibrium in regards to muscles

posture, standing

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Force in regards to muscle

changes in velocity of muscle shortening

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Work in regards to muscle

displacement in direction of the force

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Transportation in regards to muscle

Digestive system and circulation

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Heat production in regards to muscle

Shivering reflex, maintaining body temperature

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Which muscle type has the longest muscle twitch duration?

Smooth muscle

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Which muscle type has the shortest muscle twitch duration?

Skeletal muscle

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Skeletal muscle is attached to (-) by (-)

Bone by tendon

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Skeletal muscle primary functions:

Locomotion and posture/balance

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Voluntary controlled muscle:

Skeletal muscle

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Can skeletal muscle be involuntary/unconcious?

Yes, reflexes

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Cardiac muscle attached to (-)

Blood vessels

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Cardiac muscle primary function:

Blood circulation, adequate blood volume and pressure

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Involuntary controlled muscle types:

Cardiac and Smooth

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How is the cardiac muscle moderated?

ANS and hormones

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Smooth muscle attached to (-) and (-)

Wall of organs and blood vessels

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Primary functions of smooth muscle:

Blood pressure, digestion, bladder control, air flow

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How is the smooth muscle contraction moderated?

ANS and hormones

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Which muscle types are uninucleate?

Smooth and cardiac muscle cells

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Which type of muscle is multinucleate?

Skeletal muscle

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During embryonic development how are muscle cells developed?

Many myoblasts fuse to form one skeletal muscle fiber

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Why are skeletal muscle cells multinucleate?

Many myoblasts fuse together to make one skeletal muscle cell and each myoblast has its own nucleus

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Action for both the smooth muscle and cardiac muscle are involuntary under the regulation of:

Autonomic nervous system and endocrine system

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Skeletal muscle is voluntary and controlled by:

Somatic nervous system

Which muscle types have pacemaker activity?

Smooth and cardiac

What is a pace-making activity?

Ability to generate action potential that can initiate muscle contraction

Skeletal muscle contracts in response to what?

To a signal from a somatic motor neuron

What is the one skeletal muscle that the autonomic nervous system can influence?

The diaphragm

Pacemaking activities are modulated by what? Can they be initiates from this?

Autonomic nervous system, NO

Muscular tissue - 5 special properties

1. Excitability 2. Contractibility 3. Extensibility 4. Elasticity 5. Adaptability

What is excitability in regards to muscle?

Ability to respond to stimuli by producing action potentials

Smooth and cardiac muscle action potential when excited initiated by

Initiated by pacemaker cells

Skeletal muscle action potential when excited initiated by

Chemical stimulus

Where does a chemical stimulus occur in skeletal muscle?

Neuromuscular junction where ACh is releases by motor neuron as neurotransmitter

What is ACh

A neurotransmitter, acetylcholine

Where is the neuromuscular junction?

Junction between somatic motor neuron and muscle

What is contractibility in regards to muscle?

Ability of muscular tissues to contract forcefully when stimulated by action potentials

What produces tension?

Contraction without muscle shortening

Greater the change in velocity of muscle fiber, greater the (-)

Force of contraction

What is the formula for force

F=ma

Force in regards to muscle produces what?

Movement

What is extensibility in regards to muscle?

Ability of muscular tissues to stretch without being damaged, within limits

What is elasticity in regards to muscle?

Ability of muscular tissues to return to its original length and shape after contraction or extension

What is the function of titin?

Provides elasticity and stabilizes myosin

Titin and nebulin are what?

Accessory proteins

What is the function of nebulin?

Helps to align actin

Where is titin found?

Spans the distance of from one Z disk to neighboring M line

Where is nebulin found?

Lies along thin filament, attaches to a Z disk but does not extend to the M line

What is adaptability in regards to muscle?

Muscular tissues have the ability to undergo hypertrophy or atrophy

What produces hypertrophy?

Exercise

2 types of skeletal muscle types:

- Slow-twitch oxidative fibers (type I) - Fast-twitch oxidative/glycolytic fibers (type II)

2 types of type II skeletal muscle

- Type IIa (fast-twitch oxidative fibers) - Type IIb/IIx (fast-twitch glycolytic fibers)

Each whole muscle can compose of multiple fiber types but one dominates the others (T/F)

True

Muscle fibers belonging to one motor unit are of the same muscle type (T/F)

True

Slow-twitch oxidative fibers are what type?

Type I

Slow-twitch oxidative fibers ATP break rate/velocity of muscle shortening

Relatively slowest

Type I muscle fibers use (aerobic/anaerobic) and are (high/low) energy efficiency

Aerobic and high

Slow-twitch oxidative fibers need:

Good oxygen supply

Slow-twitch oxidative fibers (-) of myoglobin, mitochondial and oxidative enzyme content, and (-) capillary density

abundance, high

Slow-twitch oxidative fibers adequate supply of ATP enable what?

High endurance and fatigue resistance

Fast-twitch oxidative fibers ATP break/velocity of muscle shortening

Medium/middle, quicker than type I

Type IIa use (aerobic/anaerobic)

Aerobic

Type IIa need:

Good oxygen supply

Fast-twitch oxidative fibers (-) of myoglobin, (-) mitochondial and (-) glycogen content, (-) blood capillary content

High, higher, more abundant, high

Type IIa are fatigue resistant but a (-) in endurance than type I

Decrease

Reservoir of storage for type IIa

Creatine phosphate, excess ATP during rest is used to synthesize creatine phosphate

Fast-twitch glycolytic fibers ATP break/velocity of muscle shortening

Fastest

Fast-twitch glycolytic fibers (aerobic or anaerobic)

Anaerobic

Fast-twitch glycolytic fibers (-) in myoglobin, (-) in mitochondria, and (-) glycogen content, (-) blood capillary supply

low, low, higher, poor

Type IIb are (-) fatigable and (-) in endurance

Easily, low

To and a contraction, what must be removed from the (-) back to the (-)

Ca, cytosol, SR

Sarco-endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase

Ending contraction, calcium removed from cytosol back to SR through this

Excitation-contraction coupling step 1

ACh released from somatic motor neuron

Excitation-contraction coupling step 2

ACh initiates an action potential in muscle fiber

Excitation-contraction coupling step 3

Action potential travels along sarcolemma into T-tubules and triggers Ca release from SR

Excitation-contraction coupling step 4

Ca binds with TnC and initiates muscle contraction