Class 8

Question 1

What are the two types of ventricular hyper trophy?

Answer 1

1. Physiological ventricular hyper trophy
2. Pathological ventricular hyper trophy

Question 2

When do you see physiological ventricular hyper trophy?

Answer 2

And adapt and change to stress, to enhance pumping capacity of the heart

Question 3

What are the two types of pathological ventricular hyper trophy?

Answer 3

1. Afterload related
2. Pre-load related

Question 4

Afterload related ventricular hyper trophy is induced by what?

Answer 4

Increase in afterload, ventricle needs to generate a greater pressure chronically to reject blood

Question 5

After load related ventricular hyper trophy can develop into watch?

Answer 5

Concentric hypertrophy

Question 6

Concentric hypertrophy does what to pressure and compliance?

Answer 6

Generates a greater force and pressure but a decrease in compliance

Question 7

Concentric paper trophy can lead to what happening to stroke volume and ESP? What does this result in?

Answer 7

Decreased SV, elevation of ESP, eventually diastolic disfunction and heart failure

Question 8

Pre-load related ventricular hyper trophy does what to the heart?

Answer 8

Increase in ventricular heart stress, caused by volume overload

Question 9

Volume overload in preload related hypertrophy causes what?

Answer 9

A dilated ventricle, inside radius of the ventricular chamber increases

Question 10

A dilated ventricle generates what type of heart?

Answer 10

A hypertrophic heart, eccentric hyper trophy

Question 11

Eccentric hyper trophy is often associated with what?

Answer 11

Systolic dysfunction, huge increase in LVESV & LVEDV

Question 12

What are the two basic cardiac pacemaker’s?

Answer 12

1. Sinoatrial node
2. Atrioventricular

Question 13

Which pacemaker is the native pacemaker?

Answer 13

SA node

Question 14

Which pacemaker is the latent pacemaker?

Answer 14

AV node

Question 15

Does membrane potential of the pacemaker cell remain constant at resting state after repolarization?

Answer 15

No

Question 16

What is the term referring to the combination of both the automaticity and rhythmicity properties?

Answer 16

Autorhythmicity

Question 17

What is referred to the ability of a cell to initiate its own pace making activity?

Answer 17

Automaticity

Question 18

What is referred to the ability of a cell to maintain the regularity of peacemaking activity?

Answer 18

Rhythmicity

Question 19

Autorhythmicity can be modulated by what?

Answer 19

• autonomic nervous system
• Hormonal system

Question 20

Three variables that can influence cardiac rhythmicity 

Answer 20

1. Rate of diastolic depolarization
2. Maximum diastolic potential
3. Threshold potential

Question 21

What increases the rate of diastolic depolarization by increasing sodium and calcium influx?

Answer 21

Norepinephrine

Question 22

Maximum diastolic potential induces hyper polarization by what?

Answer 22

By increasing potassium efflux 

Question 23

Lowest conduction velocity ensures what?

Answer 23

Adequate ventricular filling

Question 24

Highest conduction velocity ensures what?

Answer 24

Fast and coordinated ventricular contraction

Question 25

What connects the SA node to the left atrium?

Answer 25

Bachmans bundle

Question 26

What are the three internatal tracks?

Answer 26

Anterior, middle, and posterior

Question 27

What are the three regions of the AV node?

Answer 27

- Atrionodal - nodal - nodal-his

Question 28

What regions are the principal delay between atrial and ventricular contraction in the AV node?

Answer 28

Atrionodal and nodal

Question 29

Why is there a delay between atrial and ventricular contraction?

Answer 29

To ensure adequate filling and limit frequency of impulses passing through AV node

Question 30

What are the three main sections from AV node to ventricular contractile myocytes?

Answer 30

1. Atrioventricular bundle/bundle of His 2. Bundle branches 3. Purkinje fibres

Question 31

Where is the atrioventricle bundle?

Answer 31

Below AV node, passes through fibrous ring that separates atria and ventricles, reaches interventricular septum and forms two branches

Question 32

Bundle branches are divided into right and left, what are they in?

Answer 32

Right bundle branch in right ventricle and left bundle branch in the left ventricle

Question 33

Which bundle branch is considerably longer and thinner?

Answer 33

Right bundle branch

Question 34

Inferior terminal branches of the bundle branches describe what?

Answer 34

Purkinje fibres

Question 35

Purkinje fibres resemble what?

Answer 35

Cardiac myocytes

Question 36

Intercollated discs that are well developed and contain numerous gap junctions can describe what?

Answer 36

Purkinje fibres

Question 37

What has the fastest rate of conduction at any tissues within the heart?

Answer 37

Purkinje fibres

Question 38

What are three possible accessory tracks that are not usually found in a normal individual?

Answer 38

1. James fibres 2. Mahaim fibres 3. Bundle of Kent 

Question 39

James fibres impulse bypasses AV node and can induce what?

Answer 39

Ventricular pre-excitation (Lang-Ganong-Levine Syndrome)

Question 40

Fibres from atrial internodal tracks that pass around AV node and enter the interventricular septum describe what?

Answer 40

James fibres

Question 41

James fibres bypass the AV delay and can result in the onset of what?

Answer 41

Supraventricular peroxisomal tachycardia

Question 42

Any direct connections between AV node, bundle of His, or bundle branches into the interventricular septum describe what?

Answer 42

Mahaim fibres

Question 43

Mahaim Fibres can give rise to what?

Answer 43

Ventricular pre-excitation

Question 44

A muscular bundle for me a direct connection between atrial and ventricular myocardium describe what?

Answer 44

Bundle of Kent

Question 45

Bundle of Kent is capable of doing what?

Answer 45

Giving rise to supra ventricular peroxisomal tachycardia‘s and atrial fibrillation

Question 46

Bundle of Kent can give rise to the pre-excitation of the ventricle, a condition that is known as what?

Answer 46

Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome