Class 12

Question 1

Cardiovascular function can be controlled through the regulation of what two things?

Answer 1

Blood pressure and blood volume

Question 2

What are the two basic categories of cardiovascular function control?

Answer 2

Neural control and Humoral control

Question 3

Neural control is what kind of control?

Answer 3

Autonomic

Question 4

Humoral control is what kind of control?

Answer 4

Hormonal

Question 5

What are the three levels of neural control?

Answer 5

1) higher centres like cortex
2) Hypothalamus
3) Medulla of the brain stem

Question 6

What is the cortex connected to?

Answer 6

Hypothalamus and medulla

Question 7

What are the higher levels like the cortex rolls in neural control of cardio function?

Answer 7

Responsible for modulating cardiovascular responses during emotional stress

Question 8

What is the hypothalamus role in neural control of cardio function?

Answer 8

Plays an integrative role by modulating medullary neural activity

Question 9

The hypothalamus can influence what? Which involves the increase of HR and BP in response to stress

Answer 9

The autonomic system

Question 10

Baroreceptors, chemoreceptors And stretch receptors are found where in the brain?

Answer 10

Medulla of the brain stem at the nucleus tractus solitarius

Question 11

Does the medulla have sympathetic or parasympathetic centers?

Answer 11

Both

Question 12

The nucleus tractus solitarius can produce what kind of affect?

Answer 12

A calming effect

Question 13

Which effects are dominant innervation on cardio function? (parasympathetic or sympathetic)

Answer 13

Parasympathetic

Question 14

Parasympathetic nuclei have what kind of activity? Even under resting conditions

Answer 14

They are tonically active

Question 15

Resting heart rate is lower than what other rate?

Answer 15

Intrinsic firing rate of the SA node

Question 16

Parasympathetic activity creates a negative or positive chronotropic affect?

Answer 16

Negative

Question 17

Sympathetic activity creates a positive or negative chronotropic and inotropic effect?

Answer 17

Negative

Question 18

The right vagus generally innervates what?

Answer 18

The SA node

Question 19

The left vagus primarily intervates what?

Answer 19

AV node and the ventricular conduction system

Question 20

How does parasympathetic stimulation induce vasodilation?

Answer 20

By inhibiting sympathetic centre through interneuron in the level of NTS

Question 21

Stimulation of sympathetic innervation on cardiovascular function is the effects of what?

Answer 21

Norepinephrine

Question 22

Stimulation of the sympathetic innervation on cardio function produces what?

Answer 22

Tachycardia and systemic vasoconstriction

Question 23

Removal of sympathetic influence will produce what? In regards to the cardio function

Answer 23

Vasodilation and hypotension

Question 24

Sympathetic activation constricts both the what on arteries and the what on veins

Answer 24

Resistance on arteries and capacitance veins

Question 25

Sympathetic stimulation on a heart produces what kind of vasoconstriction?

Answer 25

Transient coronary vasal constriction

Question 26

What is the primary variable that needs to be regulated for the control of cardio function?

Answer 26

Systemic arterial blood pressure

Question 27

What two factors do you need to have in order to have a good tissue perfusion?

Answer 27

Good BP and good blood volume

Question 28

Within the cardio system, sensory mechanisms monitor the variability of BP and volume through what?

Answer 28

Negative feedback loops

Question 29

What are the four major hormonal factors in the cardio system?

Answer 29

1) Catecholamines 2) Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system 3) Atrial natriuretic peptide 4) Vasopressin or anti diuretic hormone

Question 30

Catecholamines are mostly from where?

Answer 30

Adrenal medulla

Question 31

What are the two catecholamines?

Answer 31

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

Question 32

Does vasodilation increase or decrease blood pressure?

Answer 32

Decrease

Question 33

Decrease blood pressure increases or decreases heart rate?

Answer 33

Increases

Question 34

How are catecholamines activated?

Answer 34

By preganglionic sympathetic nerves during stress

Question 35

Epinephrin and norepinephrine have a high affinity for what? And a low affinity for what?

Answer 35

High affinity for B2, low affinity for B1

Question 36

How do Catecholamines cause vasodilation?

Answer 36

Binds to adrenoeceptors on small arteries, when epinephrine levels are low

Question 37

At low to moderate levels of epinephrine, what happens to HR, contractibility, and conduction velocity?

Answer 37

All increased

Question 38

What metabolic dilator tends to counteract the vasoconstrictor effect of Epi?

Answer 38

Adenosine

Question 39

What is the three basic mechanisms epi increases blood pressure?

Answer 39

1) Direct stimulation of myocytes in ventricles 2) increases HR mediated by B one receptor 3) Vasoconstriction in resistance vessels and veins

Question 40

The renin angiotensin aldosterone system increases what and what?

Answer 40

BP and blood volume

Question 41

Atrial natriuretic peptide decreases what and what?

Answer 41

BP and blood volume

Question 42

Vasopressin increases what?

Answer 42

BP and blood volume