Class 5

Question 1

What comes first in signaling, electrical or mechanical?

Answer 1

Electrical

Question 2

What are the two main events for a complete cardiac cycle?

Answer 2

1. Ventricular systole (contraction)
2. Ventricular diastole (relaxation)

Question 3

What are the two events of ventricular systole?

Answer 3

a. Isovolumetric ventricular contraction
b. Ventricular ejection

Question 4

What are the two main events of ventricular ejection?

Answer 4

i. Rapid ejection phase
ii. Reduced ejection phase

Question 5

What are the two main events of ventricular diastole? 

Answer 5

a. Isovolumetric ventricular relaxation
b. Ventricular filling

Question 6

What are the two events of ventricular filling?

Answer 6

i. Rapid filling phase
ii. Reduced filling phase

Question 7

What is the volume of preload?

Answer 7

Blood volume in the ventricle during the end diastolic volume

Question 8

Isovolumic ventricular contraction begin with the close of what?

Answer 8

AV valve

Question 9

What generates the first heart sound?

Answer 9

Closing of the AV valve, isovolumetric ventricular contraction

Question 10

Ventricular ejection begins with the opening of what?

Answer 10

Semi lunar valve, AV valves are closed

Question 11

There is a sharp increase in the ventricular and aortic pressure in what phase of the cardiac cycle?

Answer 11

Ventricular ejection, rapid ejection face

Question 12

There is a sudden drop of left atrial pressure in what phase and why?

Answer 12

Ventricular ejection phase, mitral valve is closed

Question 13

The rapid ejection phase is followed by what?

Answer 13

Reduced ejection phase

Question 14

The reduced ejection face is associated with which wave?

Answer 14

T-wave

Question 15

Ventricular volume at the end of ejection phase is known as what?

Answer 15

End systolic volume

Question 16

Peak of the left ventricular pressure coincides with what?

Answer 16

Arterial systolic pressure

Question 17

Do you ever expel all of the blood out of your heart?

Answer 17

No

Question 18

Blood volume in the ventricle during isovolumetric ventricular relaxation is known as what?

Answer 18

End systolic volume

Question 19

Isovolumetric ventricular relaxation begins with what?

Answer 19

Semilunar (aortic) valve closure

Question 20

When is the second heart sound?

Answer 20

Isovolumic ventricular relaxation, aortic valve closure

Question 21

What is stroke volume?

Answer 21

SV = EDV - ESV

Question 22

Ventricular filling begins with what?

Answer 22

Opening of the AV valve, semi lunar valves are closed

Question 23

Majority of ventricular passive filling occurs in which phase?

Answer 23

Rapid filling phase of ventricular filling

Question 24

Identifies the sequential dynamic changes of pressure and volume within the left ventricle for one complete cardiac cycle describes what?

Answer 24

Ventricular pressure and volume loop

Question 25

Ventricular pressure volume loop is generated by what?

Answer 25

Plotting the left ventricular pressure against the left ventricular volume

Question 26

What are the four determinants for cardiac output?

Answer 26

Heart rate, myocardial contractility, preload, afterload

Question 27

The amount of blood pumped out of the ventricular per beat describes what?

Answer 27

Stroke volume

Question 28

Output of the heart per unit time describes what?

Answer 28

Cardiac output

Question 29

How can you calculate cardiac output?

Answer 29

SV x HR

Question 30

Cardiac output per body surface area describes what?

Answer 30

Cardiac index

Question 31

Ejection of blood by the left ventricle is closely associated with two parameters that are

Answer 31

Blood pressure and volume in arterial circulation

Question 32

Increased heart rate does what to stroke volume?

Answer 32

Decrease

Question 33

Increase in heart rate will do what to cardiac output?

Answer 33

Increase but to a limit

Question 34

Three primary parameters that can affect stroke volume

Answer 34

I. Preload II. Afterload III. Contractibility

Question 35

Afterload in contractility will have an direct effect on ESV or EDV?

Answer 35

ESV

Question 36

Anything that affects EDV or ESV will also affect

Answer 36

Stroke volume

Question 37

An increase in preload will do what to stroke volume?

Answer 37

Increased it

Question 38

Preload is directly related to what?

Answer 38

End diastolic ventricular blood volume and intra-myocardial wall stress of ventricle at the end of diastole 

Question 39

Pre-load is indirectly related to what?

Answer 39

Ventricular end diastolic pressure

Question 40

Preload is affected by the degree of stretching of the cardiac myocytes prior to contraction and therefore related to

Answer 40

Sarcomere length

Question 41

Pre-load is mainly determined by what four factors?

Answer 41

- Ventricular compliance - Venous return - Length tension relationship - Heart rate to a lesser extent

Question 42

What is defined as a change in volume divided by the change in pressure?

Answer 42

Ventricular compliance

Question 43

The stiffer the heart, the higher the

Answer 43

Compliance

Question 44

What does high compliance mean?

Answer 44

The heart can easily be stretched during diastole, enhance venous return

Question 45

What does low compliance mean?

Answer 45

The heart will resist expansion during diastole, stiff

Question 46

When does compliance decrease?

Answer 46

When the myocytes reach their elastic limit, changes per person

Question 47

The ventricle becomes less compliant or stiffer with a (higher or lower) ventricular blood volume

Answer 47

Higher

Question 48

Decrease compliance leads to (-) preload, and (-) stroke volume

Answer 48

Decrease, decrease

Question 49

A decrease in left ventricular compliance will result in a decrease or increase in left ventricular pressure

Answer 49

Increase