Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Cog Neuro 2 > Class 1 - Motor and Action 1 > Flashcards

Class 1 - Motor and Action 1 Flashcards

(98 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Acetocholine

A

Neurotransmitter important for pereferal motor activity two important receptors: Nicotenic, Muscrenic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Nicotenic Receptors are

A

Ionotropic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Muscuringic

A

binds to receptor, sends G protien to do other things inc. opening a seperate ion chanel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Cell bodies that generate acetroline pathways are in

A

ponds, midbrain, and baisal forbrain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Lots of acetocoline

A

maintains normal cortical excitability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Acetocholine when anestatised

A

decreased levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Acetocholine is involved in

A

selective attention, motavation, reward

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Acetocholine is active in

A

neuromuscular junction - where PNS stimilates activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

motor unit

A

where neurons (alfa) activates mussles (is both neuron and mussle fiber where it actavates)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

motor units are medated by ____ and binds with ___

A

Acetocholine , Nicotenic receptors (in membrane of skelatal muscle)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

opening of ion chanels in motor unit causes

A

mussle contraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Reflux circiut

A

reflex - movments gnerated without cortical imput
alfa motor neurons - innnervate musles - recieve signal from spinal interneuron (in spinal cord)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

two pathways where information from brain desends to spinal cord and out

A

lateral cortical spinal tract
medial tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

lateral cortical spinal tract

A
  • fine motor movement, more distal lymbs
    projects contralaterally
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

medial tract

A

walking, posture, standing, more procximal parts of lymbs and the trunk
is the extraperamital tracks
project not only contralaterally but also ipsolaterally

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

cerebellum

A

from video - “makes movements smooth”

“little brain” 3/4 of neurons of the brain 1/10 of the space - smaller neurons

imputs from all over the brain - visual, proceptrive, vestibular, somatosensory, autory

two hemispheres
prjects ipsolaterally

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Functontal dividson of the cerebellum

A

Vestibulocerebellum
Spinocerebellum
Cerebrocerebellum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Vestibulocerebellum

A

balance, eye movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Spinocerebellum

A

smooth control of movement, coordination in walking, running

Lateral regions control more distal muscles, more medial regions control more proximal muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Cerebrocerebellum

A

highly skilled movements (requiring sensorimotor learning)
writing and speaking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Basala gangla

A

group of nucil
though to select what canadate plan of action is vs other alternitives
impotant in initation of action

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

dopamean

A

recepter subtypes (main)
D1 - excitatory
D2 - inhibitory

three differnt pathways in which can act
- Nigrostriatal system
- others involved in reward learning + motivation
• Useful for producing actions that have rewarding consequences!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

doubble inhibiton circult

A

lowers baceline level of activity
makes certine signal stand out (by disinhibiting it, or not inhibiting it)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Nigrostriatal system

A

housed in substantra nigra - wheere cell bodies for DA activirt is highjlighted/housed
primartly in control of movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Basal gangla - orgnaization
organixation of different patheays green- exitory red - inhibitory
26
How basal gangla influence cortical activity
two wats direct root indirect root
27
direct root Does: activated by: Pathway: Cortical excitation:
facilate movement - alows for initation of movment activated by D1 receptors DOrsal striatum is activated - inhibits internal segment of globus palatas inhibatory done by gabergernic net level of higher cortical excitation
28
substantia nigra sends \_\_
can send both excityory and inhibtory
29
globus palatas internal segment normaly
(GPi) inhibits the thalamus
30
Thalamus connections to the cortex are
excitatory
31
indirect root does: activated by: pathway: cortical excitation:
in generally, supressing unwanted movments D2 receptors Normaly dorsal straitum (actavation) is inhibiting external segment of the GP and the GPe normaly inhibits the subthalamic nuclis (STN) subthalmic nucleis activates GPi (which inhibits the thalamus) net level of lower cortixal excitation
32
Supplementary motor cortex areas: does:
supplementary motor area, supplementary eye field, presupplementary motor area help code motor plan
33
motor plan
representation of intended movement general - what is goal of movement want to do specific - muscular control needed
34
Information contained in motor plan
* Which effectors to use * Which order to use them * Direction and force of individual effectors * Timing between movements * Commands for motor neurons
35
What are effectors
muscles, areas of body that move
36
most activity in SMA
is leading up to action
37
neuron in SMA sensitive to
order that things are done (Push pull vs pull push)
38
Pre SMA order
(order) does not matter increased activity prior to third movement
39
Mirror Neurons
Not only to doing action but to someone else doing that action. can be specific or broad - coding for intent of action (can fire even if not see)
40
Anterior cingulate cortex where: implicated in:
(ACC) above CC implicated in motor activity, attention, and emotion motor - more activity in control and planning of new (untrained) movements selecting for movement among compeeting alternatives (clasic word vs color)
41
Bimodal neurons in parietal cortex
proprioceptive, kinesthetic, somatosensory and visual info - modulate receptive fields
42
damage to parietal regions
(dorso-dorsal stream) causes optic ataxia
43
optic ataxia
imparments to reach and grasp baised on visual information
44
Primary Motor Cortex Organization: Mapping:
M1 Parts of body with fine motor control are bigger Organized around specific body area for specific region distortion of size of region compared to size on body Mapping is upside down, more dorsal regions (lower parts of body) more ventral (face)
45
cortical motor neurons synapse directly onto
alpha motor neurons (instead of onto spinal interneurons)
46
cortical motor neurons more responsive to
fine control, precision (small changes) (vs power gripping)
47
each motor neuron cell has ____ (movement preferences)
different preferences for movement
48
direction vector
combine activity of motor neurons: summation of direction moving towards Direction: cell’s preferred direction Length: firing rate of cell at a given moment
49
population vector
summation of direction vector
50
D1 is
excitatory
51
D2 is
inhibitory
52
basal ganglia uses ___ and acts on \_\_\_
uses double inhibiton circuit act on dopameane
53
MPTP
A drug that is selectively toxic for DA cells
54
(overview of) Motor pathways
Between the association areas and the spinal cord sit the primary motor cortex and brainsem strustures which, with the assistance of the cerabellum and the basal gangla, convert these patterns into commands to the muscless.
55
alfa motor neurons
- innnervate musles - recieve signal from spinal interneuron (in spinal cord)
56
Gamma motor neurons
part of properseptive system, important for sensing and regulating length of mussle fibers
57
alfa Motor neurons originate in the
spinal cord exit through the ventral root terminate in muscle fibers
58
alfa motor neurons recceive preferfy imput from
muscle spindles
59
musle spindles axons enter dorsal root of spinal cord and synapse on
spinal internurons that project to alfa motor neurons
60
strech reflex
if unexpected strech, alfa motor neurons are activated, returnign to origonal state
61
Extrapramidal tracts are a priamry sourse of
indirect control over spinal activry modulating posture, musle tone, and movement speed recieve imput from subcortical and cortical structres
62
ataxia(s) result from
damage to the cerabellum
63
Basala gangla includes
caudate nucleus and putamen (both = stratum) globus pallidus subthamic nuclea STN substantantia nigra
64
Basala gangla imput is
restructed to mainly the two nucli forming the stratium
65
Basala gangla output is
alsmost excultivly by way of the internal segment of the GP and part of the substantra nigra (SNr)
66
Corticospinal tract is also known as
the pyramidal tract (and CST)
67
Brodman area 4
M1
68
M1 divisions
evolutonaraly older - rostal region more resentyl evolved - caudal regon
69
CST neurons that orgionate in the rostral region terminate on
spinal interneurons
70
CST neurons that origonate in the caudal region terminate on (are also called)
spinal interneurons or directly stimulate alfa motor neurons. corticomoterneurons (or CM neurons)
71
CM neurons include prominate projections to
mussles of the upper limbs and suport dexterous control of fingersand hands (inc. ability to manipulate tools)
72
Distance between represntaions in M1 is closely related to
how often (two fingers) are used togehter
73
CM neurons are preferntal active durring ___ comapired to \_\_\_
Pinch, power grip
74
lesions in M1 primaraly result in
hemiplegia
75
hemiplegia usally effects
most distal effectors (ex. fingers on hand
76
reflexes absent immedatly affter a stroke often
return and oftern produce hyperactive or spacic reflexes
77
Lateral and medial aspects of brodman area 6
premotor cortex (lateral) and suplementart moter (medial) cortex (SMA)
78
disingwshemnt in premotrot cortex
ventral (cPMC) and dorsal (dPMC)
79
somatosensory cortex provides a
representation of the body and how it is situated in space critical info to move effectivly
80
Paretal cortex provides
anatomical substrate for sensory guided actions
81
SMA provides
stronger connections with medial frontal cortex, areas assocated with prefrences and goals might help decide which object to choose or help plan a sequence of learned actions
82
divisio of doral stream
dorsol dorsal and ventro-dorsal
83
dorsal dorsal stream has a role in
reaching
84
lesions in dorsal dorsal stream have
optic ataxia
85
ventral dorsal stream has a role in
producing both transitive grestures (manitpulte object) and intranstivie gestures (singify intention, wave goodbye)
86
Lesios in ventral dorsal stream have
apraxia
87
apraxia
loss of praxis, or skilled action affects motor planing, knowlege of which actions are possible with a given object.
88
Insular corex and brocha's area are involved in
production of speach movements
89
frontal eye fieds are involved in
contreol of eye movements
90
anterior cingulat corex is involved in
selestion and control of actions, evaluation the effort or cost requited to produce a movment.
91
Activity of cells in M1 corrilates much bettwe with ___ than \_\_
movement direction, target location
92
Simmilar tuning (prefered direction) are found in cells in
premotor and paretical cortextes also cerebellum and basal gangla
93
\_\_\_ is an excellent predictor of movement direction
population vectors
94
Before movement is produced the population vector
shifts in the direction of the upcmoming movement sugessting some cells are involved in movement planning
95
SCn to the striatum is known as
the dopamine pathway
96
GPi and SNr have __ baseline firing rates producing
high, strong tonic inhibition of the motor system by the inhibitory projection to the thalamus and superior coliculi
97
basal gnaglia can act as a __ and play a critical role in the
gaitkeeper of cortical activity, initation of actions
98
As a specitic motor plan gains strength the inhibitory signaling \_\_
is decresed for selective neurons.

Cog Neuro 2 (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions