Class 7 - Executive functioning Flashcards

(45 cards)

1
Q

Executive functions

A

set of cognitive process that help organize

3 main units

  • working memory
  • inhibitory control
  • cognitive flexibility
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2
Q

Unity/diversity in EF

A

all EFs share one factor in common, and then two that are active in specific situations

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3
Q

PFC in EF

A

lots of funtonal and antomical subdividsions

involved in starting and stoping

conceptual thinking (big thing)

being able to respond to new things

goal directed behavior

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4
Q

more ventral in PFC

A

matience of information

holding in mind

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5
Q

the more dorasl in PFC

A

more to do with manipularon of information

the how

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6
Q

more anterior in PFC

A

more abstract

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7
Q

more posterier in PFC

A

more concreet thinking is

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8
Q

working memeory and EF

A

WM underlies many EFs

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9
Q

Monkeys with PFC lesions can complete the associative memory task but not the __

A

WM task

because no external cues avalable

maintin an online representation (holding in min)

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10
Q

Value

A

a metric of the preference we give to a given stimulus or course of action

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11
Q

example of value

A

Primary reinforcers (e.g. food) vs. secondary reinforcers (e.g. money) – money gains value as a result of being associated with other reinforcers (e.g. using money to buy food gives money value)

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12
Q

Assessment of the value of a given course of action (deciding to do it or not) involves several factors:

A
  • Payoff / value of reward
  • Likelihood of attaining reward
  • Effort / cost of action
  • Context surrounding a given decision (e.g. novelty)
  • Preference
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13
Q

__ is a key process in the initiation of behaviours

A

dicession making

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14
Q

Activity in ___ regions associated with motor planning also appear to be involved in ___

A

SMA, preSMA, ACC

innitation of behavior

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15
Q

ACC has been found to be active in integrating information about

A

effort and reward

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16
Q

Behavioural apathy is associated with less structural and functional connectivity between

A

ACC and pre-SMA

(Behavioral apathy is not wanting to do things)

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17
Q

Temporal discounting

A

the longer you have to wait fora reward, the value of the reward decreases

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18
Q

Lesions to the orbitofrontal cortex affect an individual’s capacity to evaluate a reward’s

A

value over a long period of time

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19
Q

OFC also tracks representations of contingency: how past information can affect ___

A

subsequent decisions

20
Q

the consequence of making a poor decision

21
Q

People tend to exert more effort for larger rewards, but that is proportional to how

A

large that difference in reward is relative to the difference in effort

22
Q

ACC found to code for a conjunction of both __ and __ as value

A

effort and reward

23
Q

Nucleus accumbens (NAcc): dopaminergic connections from

A

ventral tegmental area (VTA)

Pleasure centre of the brain?

24
Q

Previously discussed nigrostriatal pathway (dopaminergic neurons from substantia nigra): ___ activity

25
Two pathways emerge from dopaminergic neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA):
* Mesolimbic (connections to areas mediating emotion processing) * Mesocortical (connections to frontal lobe, particularly medial) – value!
26
Mesolimbic pathway
connections to areas mediating emotion processing
27
Mesocortical pathway
connections to frontal lobe, particularly medial - value
28
Dopaminergic neurons (in VTA) anticipating a reward based on a __ not just a \_\_\_
cue, not just the presence of a reward itself: **reward prediction error (RPE)**
29
GABA neurons in the VTA synapse onto dopaminergic (DA) neurons and affect their
firing rate
30
Inactivating the GABA neurons between receiving the cue and the reward results in
increased firing of the DA neurons – the DA neurons can calculate RPE
31
\_\_ can calcluate RPE
DA neurons
32
dopamine mediates salience, indicating how much something is
important (and in reward cases, desired)
33
Different groups of DA neurons appear to respond in patterns that correspond either to ___ the valence of a stimulus, versus
learning signaling something salient
34
great deal of language processing is lateralized to the left hemisphere regions surrounding the
sylvian fissure
35
dysarthria
speech problems caused by the loss of control over articularory mussles
36
apraxia
deficits in motor planing of articulations
37
anomia
form of aphasa chartarized by an inability to name objects
38
syntax
rules governing how words are put together in a sentence
39
arcuate fasciculus
fiber tract connecting broca;s and wenicke's area
40
models that attempt to explain word comprehension
modular model - higher levels cannot influence lower levels, bottom up interactive models - all types of information can partisapate in word reconition, contex can influence beofore sensory information is avalable hyprid models
41
synatactic parsing
assign a synatic structure to words in sentences
42
N400 response
sensitive to semamtic aspects of linguistic input N400 response occourred when woeds were inconsistant with the meaning of an entire story
43
N600 Response
syntatic positive shift (SPS) when sentiences contain a gramatical violitaition (both when read and listen to)
44
Left anterior frontal cortex has some involvment in __ processing
syntatic
45
three functonal componesnts of language processing
memory - lingustic knolage that folowing acqusition is incoded and consoladated unification - integration of lexically retreved phonological, semantic, and synstatic information into an overall representation of the whole control - language to socal interations