Class 2 - Motor and Action 2

Question 1

Cerebellar damage

Answer 1

Cerebellar ataxia
• Difficulty of coordinating movements (ex. coordinate muscles)
• Dysarthria (symptom)
Affects recalibration of movement after visual distortion
Eyeblink conditioning

Question 2

Dysarthria

Answer 2

cerebellar ataxia of speech output

Question 3

Test of cerebellar damage

Answer 3

Nose test
(touch nose, touch other finger, and back, looking for patterns of activity, and how muscles of arm are working together vs should work)
in cerebellar ataxia - can be overshoot

Question 4

Action tremor

Answer 4

tremors occurring during performance of action

tend to overshoot the movement of the hand`

Question 5

Eyeblink conditioning

Answer 5

when making a blinking response to something being blown in eye - normally eyes close - if tone before than close eyes before air puff happen
timing of a conditioned response

Question 6

Parkinson’s Disease

Answer 6

• Dopamine deficiency: Damage to substantia nigra (projects to striatum )
• Overactivity of indirect pathway as a result of lack of inputs to the striatum

Question 7

Positive symptoms of PD

Answer 7

• Tremors - there because other systems are trying to compinase for high level of indirecct pathway of inhibiton
• Rigidity - high actvaton of indirect pathway - blocks movemtn

Question 8

Negative symptoms of PD

Answer 8

• Akinesia/bradykinesia

* Disturbance in posture

Question 9

Huntington’s Disease

Answer 9

• Selective loss of projections from striatum to GPe
• Damages indirect route
- hereditary neurodegenerative disorder (autosomal Dominate)
Chorea
Dystonia

Question 10

Chorea

Answer 10

rapid, jerky, involuntary sequences of movements

Question 11

Dystonia

Answer 11

abnormal posturing due to involuntary muscle contractions

Question 12

Apraxia

Answer 12

Apraxia typically results from lesions of left parietal or frontal lesions, but can result from lesions to multiple areas

• Inability to do skilled, sequential, purposeful movement
Low-level motor processes intact
• Bilateral deficit instead of just contralateral to damage
Thought to be due to damage to the ventrodorsal stream

Question 13

Callosal apraxia

Answer 13

• Disconnection syndrome
• Inability to follow verbal command with left hand
• Corpus callosum severed, so right motor cortex cannot receive commands

Question 14

Can ipsilateral cortex take over for contralateral loss?

Answer 14

potently in PFC

Question 15

Akinesia/bradykinesia

Answer 15

slowness of movements
trouble walking steadily, write, etc.
cueing can help with movement (lines on floor, sound beep, etc) along with medication

Question 16

Biomarkers promessing when the assemsent is prefromed after the paitent has recoverd from the critical inital post stroke period

Answer 16

• integerty of the corticospinal tract mesured with DTI

- presence of uper limb MEPs in response to TMS

Question 17

peri-infarct cortex

Answer 17

tussie surrounding the lesion

Question 18

if peri-infarct cortex is intact (after stroke)

Answer 18

mice show a degree of recovery

- if use TMS here, accelerates recovery process

Question 19

increase of __ in peri-infarct zones post stroke

Answer 19

GABA

Question 20

GABA post stroke

Answer 20

reduces the efficasy of sensory imputs and in turn leads to neural hypoactivity

Question 21

long term neuroprosteic control leeds to the formation of a

Answer 21

remarkably stable cortical map that is preadily recalled and resistant to the stroage of a second mab

Question 22

BMI bipasses the

Answer 22

spinal cord

Question 23

Problems with BMI

Answer 23

repeated surgeries, recording devices fail over time

operate in an open loop mode, do not take in sensory information

Question 24

a reward or the antisapaton of a reward triggers

Answer 24

firing of DA neurons

Question 25

dull effect of direct (encoring selected actions) an indirect pathway (discouraging non-selected actions) makes it more likely that

Answer 25

the same response will be initated when the rewared input patern is reactivated in the future.

Question 26

HD progression

Answer 26

rapid progression, usually die within 12 years of onset

Question 27

Hyperkinesia

Answer 27

excessive movements

Question 28

Striatal changes in HD primaraly occour in

Answer 28

inhibatory neurons that form the indirect pathway

Question 29

Atrophy in HD is most prominate in

Answer 29

the basal ganla, death rate is as high as 90% in the striatum

Question 30

PD results from the loss of

Answer 30

DA producing neurone in the SNc

Question 31

Hypokinesia

Answer 31

reduced ablility to initate volentary movements (PD)

Question 32

Bradykinesia

Answer 32

slowing in the rate of movemtn

Question 33

akinesia

Answer 33

absence of volentary movement

Question 34

visual targets, cane, etc. help __ paitents

Answer 34

PD

Question 35

in PD, paitnet may be able to ___ movment but __

Answer 35

plan movements, but without normaly functioning BG the ablility to quickly initate a movement is comprimaised

Question 36

l-dopa can help

Answer 36

PD paitents | considerably improves motor problems

Question 37

l-dopa is

Answer 37

a syntheic precurer for DA can cross BBB replacement therapy

Question 38

with l-dopa neurons become

Answer 38

sensatizedm ammount of meducation tends to increase, additional sympoms form this inclde drug induced hyperkenesa, (may be from acting on other normal areas of the brain that becaome overdosed)

Question 39

PD paitents have trouble shifting

Answer 39

mental states, similar to movment

Question 40

Learning is

Answer 40

non-cognative

Question 41

first effects of learning are likely at a __ level

Answer 41

more abstract

Question 42

sea legs are a form of

Answer 42

sensorimotor adaptation

Question 43

snesorimotor learning

Answer 43

introduction of perturbation lare increase in many cortical areas, with practives activation in these areas is reduced, returning to state before pertubation

Question 44

Voxels in motor areas show

Answer 44

directional tuning

Question 45

Tuning of voxels ni visual cortex

Answer 45

remained faithful to the stimulus location,retained retnotopic maping

Question 46

tuning of voxels in paretia cortex

Answer 46

changed durring the course of adaptation

Question 47

Posterior paretal neurons learned the

Answer 47

new sensiormotor nap, retaining the new assocations between the visual imput and required motrt output

Question 48

patients with cerbellular damage have sever imparments in

Answer 48

learning to move in novel enviorments

Question 49

cerebellar tDCS leads to

Answer 49

faster learning

Question 50

___ essencal for leanring new map, but __ essencal in consoldating new map ( and __ imporant for storing new map)

Answer 50

cerebellum, M1 | parietal cortex.