Class 6 - Memory 2

Question 1

Short-term memory

Answer 1

a storage capacity just after sensory memory

• Short duration: seconds to minutes
• Limited capacity: 7 ± 2 items – Miller’s digit test

Question 2

Working memory

Answer 2

all definitions will involve the ongoing maintenance of information

(e.g. a group of components that hold in mind a limited amount of information temporarily in a heightened state of availability for use in ongoing information processing)

TB- limited capacity store for retaining information over the long term (matinetns) and for preforming mental operations on the contents of this store (manipulation)

Question 3

esting STM / WM

Answer 3

Forward span test: repeat back 5 7 9 4 2 6 (STM - holding the digits in mind)
Backward span test: repeat that list backwards (WM - not only hold but also able to manipulate)

Question 4

Dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) neurons fire

Answer 4

during a delay period for a delayed match paradigm
stay active for as long as delay period is

Question 5

activity in frontal and parietal regions together
could classify the

Answer 5

type of stimulus being held in mind

Question 6

uncued stimulus shows a

Answer 6

reduction in representation, but is not gone forever
• So perhaps the level of activity in the PFC doesn’t correspond to maintaining the representation but maybe ongoing selection of what interested in

Question 7

Deficits of STM / WM is usually tied to

Answer 7

information-processing system

Question 8

Episodic memory

Answer 8

Contains information specific to the time and place of acquisition

(in delarative memory)

Question 9

Semantic memory

Answer 9

Facts we know about the world without contextual information

(in delarative memory)

Question 10

Quesonare Pic

Answer 10

D

Question 11

Paitent KC

Answer 11

bilateral damage to hippocampus

could rember semantic but not episodic

Question 12

Semantic dementia

Answer 12

(temporal variant of frontotemporal dementia)

• Damage to anterior temporal cortex
• Impaired semantic memory: knowledge of the world drastically impaired
• Spared episodic memory

Question 13

How info is encoded in long term memory

Answer 13

what and where pathways

Question 14

Subsequent memory effect

Answer 14

items that are remembered during recall are associated with more activity at encoding

• Medial temporal lobe (MTL) is involved in successful encoding

Question 15

Remember/know paradigm

Answer 15

tese where have a specicfic memory vs general idea

rember when vs know that

Question 16

Remember

Answer 16

– can remember personal episode related to the subject

Question 17

Know

Answer 17

have knowledge of what subject is but no specific episodes

Question 18

Hippocampal damage as a baby

Answer 18

Some personal events he could remember, others he only knew about • Greater activation of residual hippocampus when retrieving ‘remembered’ events versus ‘known’ events

Question 19

more hippocampal activity for __ compired to familarity

also at ___ only when correctly __

Answer 19

recolection compaired to familarity

also at retreval only when correctly retreave

Question 20

High conficance that (ex. I saw this word)

Answer 20

a sence of filmarity

actitivy in pererrhinal cortex related to how confident something was there

Question 21

Consolidation hypothesis

Answer 21

• When just encoded, memories are dependent on hippocampus for retrieval
• After a while, they become ‘consolidated’ or independent of the MTL (or hippocampus), instead dependent on cortex
• This explains commonly observed temporal gradients: information not yet consolidated cannot be retrieved once hippocampus is damaged

Question 22

Multiple trace theory / Transformation hypothesis

Answer 22

• Hippocampus important in retrieval of truly episodic memories
• Explains flat retrograde amnesia
• How can this explain commonly observed temporal gradient? • Older episodic memories become ‘semanticized’ and no longer need the hippocampus for retrieval

Question 23

Dementia

Answer 23

an umbrella term for the loss of cognitive function in different domains (including memory) beyond what is expected in normal aging.

Question 24

most common types of dementia are

Answer 24

irreversable

and are the result of neurodegenerative disease, vascular disease, or a combination of the two

Question 25

alzhimers contributes to __ of dementia deseses

Answer 25

60-70%

Question 26

Alzhimers is chartarized by the

Answer 26

extracellular deposition of aggregated beta-amaloid protines and the intracellular accumalation of neurofibulary tangles

Question 27

beta-amaloid protines

Answer 27

negatively affecting synapse formation and neuroplasticity

Question 28

neurofibulary tangles

Answer 28

aggregations of microtubules associated with hyper-phosphorylated tau protein.

Question 29

Pathology of Alzhimers

Answer 29

first medial tempral lobe structres are affected second extends to lateral temporal, perietal, and prontal neuocortices

Question 30

Second most common type of dementia

Answer 30

Vascular dementia decreased oxygenation of neual tissue and cell death resulting from ischemis or hemorrhagi infracts, ruptures of small vesicles 50% of Alzhimers mixed with this

Question 31

sensory meory

Answer 31

transient retention of sensory information in sensory structures

Question 32

echotic memory

Answer 32

hearing sensory memory

Question 33

isonic memory

Answer 33

visual sensory memory

Question 34

how sensory memory is mesured

Answer 34

mismach negativity MMN (electrical) mismach field MMF (magentic) when impurs differ MMN and MMF are genrated

Question 35

Modal Model

Answer 35

information is first stored in sensory memory then iteems selected by attetional processes can move to short term storage and if it is rehersed it goes to long term storage.

Question 36

At each stage of the modal model information can be lost by

Answer 36

decay interference or a combination

Question 37

Demonstrated that short term memory is not the gateway to long term memory

Answer 37

KF and EE KF- damage to L perisylvian cortex, reduced diget span, retained ability to form certine types of new long term memories lasting more than a few seconds EE- tumor in L agnular gyrus, after removal, below normal short term memory but preserved long term memory

Question 38

Three part working memory system consits of

Answer 38

a central executive mechanism - presides over and cordinates interactions between two subcordinate short term memory stores (phenomonlgical loop and visualspatial sketchpad) and long term memory

Question 39

Phonological loop

Answer 39

propsed mechanism for acustacly coding information in WM, is modality specific

Question 40

Visualspatal sketchpad

Answer 40

short term memory store that paralls the phonological loop and permits information storage in either purly visaul or visualspatial codes

Question 41

lesions of left supramarginal gyrus have deficits in

Answer 41

phonologcal working memory cannot hold strings of words in working memory

Question 42

noncelarative memory

Answer 42

implicit memory

Question 43

procedural memory

Answer 43

required for tasks that include learning motor skills depends on extesive and repeated experence

Question 44

Priming

Answer 44

type of nondeclarative memory change in the response to a stimulus or in the ability to identify a stimulus folowing prior exposeure to that simulus

Question 45

Preceptual priming acts within the

Answer 45

perceptial representation system (PRS) - within this the structure and form of objects and words can be primed

Question 46

Word priming effects dissapear within \_\_\_

Answer 46

two hours much longer effects are seen when pictures are the simulus, these are reliably found at 48 weeks

Question 47

PRS does not rely on

Answer 47

the medial temporal lobe

Question 48

Damage to the hippocampus does not impair __ conditioning but does imapir __ conditioning

Answer 48

delay trace

Question 49

Habbituation

Answer 49

response to an unchaning stimulus decreases over time

Question 50

Sensatization

Answer 50

response increases with repeated presentations of the stimulus

Question 51

\_\_ is actavated when information is correctly recalled

Answer 51

hippocampus is not actavated with familaraity

Question 52

\_\_\_ are activated durring reconition based on familarity

Answer 52

left anterior medial parahippoampus gyrus a regon that correspons to the perirhinal cortex

Question 53

Binding problem

Answer 53

how the brain bundels all of of the information involves where and what

Question 54

Standard consolidation theroy

Answer 54

considers the neocortex to be crutial for the storage of fully consoladated long term meories where as the hippocampus plays only a temporary role

Question 55

Multiple trace theory

Answer 55

sugests that long term sores or semantic information rely soly on the neocortex while episodic memory, wether consolidated or not, rely on the hippocampus for retreaval