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Cog Neuro 2 > Class 6 - Memory 2 > Flashcards

Class 6 - Memory 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Short-term memory

A

a storage capacity just after sensory memory

  • Short duration: seconds to minutes
  • Limited capacity: 7 ± 2 items – Miller’s digit test
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2
Q

Working memory

A

all definitions will involve the ongoing maintenance of information

(e.g. a group of components that hold in mind a limited amount of information temporarily in a heightened state of availability for use in ongoing information processing)

TB- limited capacity store for retaining information over the long term (matinetns) and for preforming mental operations on the contents of this store (manipulation)

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3
Q

esting STM / WM

A

Forward span test: repeat back 5 7 9 4 2 6 (STM - holding the digits in mind)
Backward span test: repeat that list backwards (WM - not only hold but also able to manipulate)

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4
Q

Dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) neurons fire

A

during a delay period for a delayed match paradigm
stay active for as long as delay period is

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5
Q

activity in frontal and parietal regions together
could classify the

A

type of stimulus being held in mind

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6
Q

uncued stimulus shows a

A

reduction in representation, but is not gone forever
• So perhaps the level of activity in the PFC doesn’t correspond to maintaining the representation but maybe ongoing selection of what interested in

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7
Q

Deficits of STM / WM is usually tied to

A

information-processing system

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8
Q

Episodic memory

A

Contains information specific to the time and place of acquisition

(in delarative memory)

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9
Q

Semantic memory

A

Facts we know about the world without contextual information

(in delarative memory)

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10
Q

Quesonare Pic

A

D

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11
Q

Paitent KC

A

bilateral damage to hippocampus

could rember semantic but not episodic

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12
Q

Semantic dementia

A

(temporal variant of frontotemporal dementia)

  • Damage to anterior temporal cortex
  • Impaired semantic memory: knowledge of the world drastically impaired
  • Spared episodic memory
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13
Q

How info is encoded in long term memory

A

what and where pathways

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14
Q

Subsequent memory effect

A

items that are remembered during recall are associated with more activity at encoding

• Medial temporal lobe (MTL) is involved in successful encoding

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15
Q

Remember/know paradigm

A

tese where have a specicfic memory vs general idea

rember when vs know that

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16
Q

Remember

A

– can remember personal episode related to the subject

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17
Q

Know

A

have knowledge of what subject is but no specific episodes

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18
Q

Hippocampal damage as a baby

A

Some personal events he could remember, others he only knew about • Greater activation of residual hippocampus when retrieving ‘remembered’ events versus ‘known’ events

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19
Q

more hippocampal activity for __ compired to familarity

also at ___ only when correctly __

A

recolection compaired to familarity

also at retreval only when correctly retreave

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20
Q

High conficance that (ex. I saw this word)

A

a sence of filmarity

actitivy in pererrhinal cortex related to how confident something was there

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21
Q

Consolidation hypothesis

A
  • When just encoded, memories are dependent on hippocampus for retrieval
  • After a while, they become ‘consolidated’ or independent of the MTL (or hippocampus), instead dependent on cortex
  • This explains commonly observed temporal gradients: information not yet consolidated cannot be retrieved once hippocampus is damaged
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22
Q

Multiple trace theory / Transformation hypothesis

A
  • Hippocampus important in retrieval of truly episodic memories
  • Explains flat retrograde amnesia
  • How can this explain commonly observed temporal gradient? • Older episodic memories become ‘semanticized’ and no longer need the hippocampus for retrieval
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23
Q

Dementia

A

an umbrella term for the loss of cognitive function in different domains (including memory) beyond what is expected in normal aging.

24
Q

most common types of dementia are

A

irreversable

and are the result of neurodegenerative disease, vascular disease, or a combination of the two

25
Q

alzhimers contributes to __ of dementia deseses

A

60-70%

26
Q

Alzhimers is chartarized by the

A

extracellular deposition of aggregated beta-amaloid protines and the intracellular accumalation of neurofibulary tangles

27
Q

beta-amaloid protines

A

negatively affecting synapse formation and neuroplasticity

28
Q

neurofibulary tangles

A

aggregations of microtubules associated with hyper-phosphorylated tau protein.

29
Q

Pathology of Alzhimers

A

first medial tempral lobe structres are affected

second extends to lateral temporal, perietal, and prontal neuocortices

30
Q

Second most common type of dementia

A

Vascular dementia

decreased oxygenation of neual tissue and cell death resulting from ischemis or hemorrhagi infracts, ruptures of small vesicles

50% of Alzhimers mixed with this

31
Q

sensory meory

A

transient retention of sensory information in sensory structures

32
Q

echotic memory

A

hearing sensory memory

33
Q

isonic memory

A

visual sensory memory

34
Q

how sensory memory is mesured

A

mismach negativity MMN (electrical)

mismach field MMF (magentic)

when impurs differ MMN and MMF are genrated

35
Q

Modal Model

A

information is first stored in sensory memory then iteems selected by attetional processes can move to short term storage and if it is rehersed it goes to long term storage.

36
Q

At each stage of the modal model information can be lost by

A

decay

interference

or a combination

37
Q

Demonstrated that short term memory is not the gateway to long term memory

A

KF and EE

KF- damage to L perisylvian cortex, reduced diget span, retained ability to form certine types of new long term memories lasting more than a few seconds

EE- tumor in L agnular gyrus, after removal, below normal short term memory but preserved long term memory

38
Q

Three part working memory system consits of

A

a central executive mechanism - presides over and cordinates interactions between two subcordinate short term memory stores (phenomonlgical loop and visualspatial sketchpad) and long term memory

39
Q

Phonological loop

A

propsed mechanism for acustacly coding information in WM, is modality specific

40
Q

Visualspatal sketchpad

A

short term memory store that paralls the phonological loop and permits information storage in either purly visaul or visualspatial codes

41
Q

lesions of left supramarginal gyrus have deficits in

A

phonologcal working memory

cannot hold strings of words in working memory

42
Q

noncelarative memory

A

implicit memory

43
Q

procedural memory

A

required for tasks that include learning motor skills

depends on extesive and repeated experence

44
Q

Priming

A

type of nondeclarative memory

change in the response to a stimulus or in the ability to identify a stimulus folowing prior exposeure to that simulus

45
Q

Preceptual priming acts within the

A

perceptial representation system (PRS)

  • within this the structure and form of objects and words can be primed
46
Q

Word priming effects dissapear within ___

A

two hours

much longer effects are seen when pictures are the simulus, these are reliably found at 48 weeks

47
Q

PRS does not rely on

A

the medial temporal lobe

48
Q

Damage to the hippocampus does not impair __ conditioning but does imapir __ conditioning

A

delay

trace

49
Q

Habbituation

A

response to an unchaning stimulus decreases over time

50
Q

Sensatization

A

response increases with repeated presentations of the stimulus

51
Q

__ is actavated when information is correctly recalled

A

hippocampus

is not actavated with familaraity

52
Q

___ are activated durring reconition based on familarity

A

left anterior medial parahippoampus gyrus

a regon that correspons to the perirhinal cortex

53
Q

Binding problem

A

how the brain bundels all of of the information

involves where and what

54
Q

Standard consolidation theroy

A

considers the neocortex to be crutial for the storage of fully consoladated long term meories where as the hippocampus plays only a temporary role

55
Q

Multiple trace theory

A

sugests that long term sores or semantic information rely soly on the neocortex while episodic memory, wether consolidated or not, rely on the hippocampus for retreaval

Cog Neuro 2 (8 decks)

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