Class 10: Urinary System Flashcards
(240 cards)
1
Q
female urethra is shorter/longer than male?
A
shorter
2
Q
internal sphincter is under
A
involuntary control
3
Q
external sphincter is under
A
voluntary control
4
Q
prostate glad surrounds the…
A
urethra
5
Q
kidney functions to filter…
A
blood plasma, separate waste
6
Q
kidney functions to return useful substances to the
A
blood
7
Q
kidney regulates blood pressure and volume by …
A
eliminating or conserving water
8
Q
kidneys regulate the osmolarity of the body fluids by…
A
controlling the relative amounts of water and solutes eliminated
9
Q
kidney secretes the enzyme…
A
renin
10
Q
enzyme renin activates…
A
hormonal mechanisms that control blood pressure and electrolyte balance
11
Q
kidney secretes the hormone…
A
erythropoitin
12
Q
kidney hormone erythropoitin stimulates
A
production of red blood cells
13
Q
kidney collaborates with the…
A
lungs to regulate the pCO2 and acid-base balance of body fluids
14
Q
kidney takes the final step in synthesizing the hormone…
A
calcitriol
15
Q
calcitriol contributes to …
A
calcuim homeostasis
16
Q
kidneys produce… from…. in starvation
A
gluconegenesis from amino acids
17
Q
four body systems carry out excretion
A
resipratory system, integumentarly system, digestive system, urinary system
18
Q
Urea formation process
A
proteins to amino acids. nitrogen is removed, which forms ammonia.
19
Q
Liver converts ammonia to…
A
urea
20
Q
uric acid is a product of…
A
nucleic acid catabolism
21
Q
creatinine is a product of
A
creatine phosphate catabolism
22
Q
blood urea nitrogen is the expression of…
A
nitrogenous waste in the blood
23
Q
normal concentration of blood urea is
A
10-20 mg/dl
24
Q
azotemi is…
A
elevated BUN, indicates renal insufficiency
25
uremia syndome symptoms
diarrhea, vomiting, dyspnea, cardiac arrhythmia
26
kidney lie against the posterior...
abdominal wall at level of T12 to L3
27
right kidney is slightly... due to the
lower, large right lobe of liver
28
rib 12 crosses the middle of the
left kidney
29
location of the kidneys is
retroperitoneal
30
kidneys are located behind the...
peritoneal cavity
31
kidneys are small, but they get about... % of the cardiac output
21%
32
renal artery divides into segmental
arteries that give rise to other parts of the kidneys
33
the interlobar arteries are located...
up the renal columns, between the pyramids
34
the arcuate arteries are located...
over the pyramids
35
the interlobular arteries go...
up into the cortex
36
each afferent arteriole supplies one...
nephron
37
the afferent arterioles leads to a ball of... called...
capillaries... glomerulus
38
blood is drained from the glomerulus by...
efferent arterioles
39
renal vein empties into the...
inferior vena cava
40
the nephron can be considered the...
functional unit of the kidney
41
each kidney has about...
1.2 millions nephrons
42
each nephron is composed of two principle parts. Name them.
renal corpuscle and renal tubule
43
the renal corpuscle function is to
filter the blood plasma
44
the renal tubule is a...
long coiled tube that converts the filtrate into urine
45
the renal corpuscle consists of the...
glomerulus and a two-layered glomerular capsule that encloses the glomerulus
46
the parietal layer of the Bowman capsule is made up of...
simple squamous epithelium
47
the visceral layer of the Bowman capsule consists of cells called... that wrap around the...
podocytes, capillaries of the glomerulus
48
the capsular space separates...
the two layers of the Bowman capsule
49
4 parts of the renal tube
- proximal convoluted tubule
- loop of Henle
- Distal Convoluted Tubule
- Collecting Duct
50
The proximal convoluted tubule arises from the...
glomerular capsule
51
the nephron loop is also called...
the loop of Henle
52
the nephron loop what part of the renal tubule?
The long u-shaped portion
53
the descending and ascending limbs are heavily engaged in...
the active transport of salts and have many mitochondria
54
cells in the nephron loop are very permeable to...
water
55
the distal convoluted tubule begins shortly after the...
ascending limb reenters the cortex
56
the collecting duct receives fluid from the ...
distal convoluted tubules as it passes back into the medulla
57
almost any molecule smaller than.... can pass freely through the filtration membrane
3nm- water, electrolytes, glucose, fatty acids, amino acids, nitrogenous wastes, vitamins
58
some substances of low molecular weight are bound to the... and cannot get through the...
plasma proteins, membrane
59
kidney infections and trauma can damage the.... and allow....
filtration membrane, albumin or blood cells to filter
60
proteinuria is the presence of...
protein in the urine
61
hematuria is the presence of...
blood in the urine
62
distance runners and swimmers often experience temporary...
proteinuria or hematuria
63
glomerular filtrate is the...
fluid in the capsular space
64
glomerular filtrate is similar to...
blood plasma except that it has almost no protein
65
tubular fluid is...
fluid from the proximal convoluted tubule through the distal convoluted tubule
66
urine is the...
fluid that enters the collecting duct
67
3 stages of urine formation
1-glomerular filtration
2-tubular reabsorption and secretion
3-water conservation
68
the glomerular filtration rate is driven by
blood pressure
69
the glomerular filtration rate is the amount of... formed per..... by the.....
filtrate, minute, 2 kidneys combined
70
the total amount of filtrate produced equals .... times the amount of blood in the body
50-60
71
what percent of filtrate is absorbed each day?
99%
72
how many liters of urine are excreted each day
1-2
73
if the GFR rises above normal that is...
high blood pressure
74
if the GFR falls below normal that is...
low blood pressure
75
renin is secreted by.... when...
juxtaglomerular cells, BP drops dramatically
76
renin converts...
angiotensinogen into angiotensinogen I
77
angiotensinogen is a.... protein
blood
78
in the LU and KI, angiotenisin-converting enzyme converts.... to ....
angiotensin I to angiotensin II, the active hormone
79
aldosterone is secreted by...
the adrenal cortex
80
the primary function of aldosterone is....
to increase blood pressure
81
aldosterone acts on the...
distal convoluted tubule
82
aldosterone functions to control....
blood fluid volume
83
aldosterone controls blood fluid volume by...
conserving sodium, retaining water, excreting potassium
84
tubular reabsorption returns the water and solutes to...
the bloodstream
85
tubular secretion sends water and solutes...
back to tubules to form urine
86
proteins remain in the blood after...., which....
filtration, elevates colloid osmotic pressure (COP)
87
tubular secretion is the process...
in which the renal tubule extracts chemicals from the capillary blood and secretes them into tubular fluid
88
two purposes in proximal convoluted tubule and nephron loop
waste removal and acid-base balance
89
stages in which urine is formed
- glomerular filtration
- tubular reabsorption and secretion
- water conservation
90
glomerular filtrate is the fluid in the ....
capsular space. it's blood plasma without protein
91
the tubular fluid is the fluid in the...
renal tubule
92
urine is called urine once it enters the...
collecting duct
93
PCT reabsorbs... of glomerular filtrate and returns it to....
65%, peritubular capillaries
94
nephron loop reabsorbs another...
25% of filtrate
95
DCT completes the process of determining the chemical composition of...
urine
96
the collecting duct conserves...
water
97
the proximal convoluted tubule reabsorbs about... of glomerular filtrate
65%
98
... of the water in the filtrate is reabsorbed by the
2/3, PCT
99
the transport maximum of glucose is limited by...
the number of transport proteins in the plasma membrane
100
transport maximum is reached when....
transporters are saturated
101
each solute has its own
transport maximum
102
the primary function of the nephron loop is to generate...that enables...
salinity gradient, collecting duct to concentrate the urine and conserve water
103
tubular fluid is... as it enters the...
dilute, distal convoluted tubule
104
role of the DCT is to... by...
concentrate urine, reabsorbing water
105
the reabsorbed water re-enters the...
bloodstream
106
antidiuretic hormone is secreted by...
the posterior lobe of the pituitary
107
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) responds to...
dehydration and rising blood osmolarity by stimulating the hypothalamus, which stimulates the posterior pituitary
108
Antidiuretic hormone makes the collecting duct more...
permeable to water so it can reenter the bloodstream
109
if the blood pressure is low in a dehydrated person, the
GFR will be low because the filtrate moves more slowly and there is more time for reabsorption
110
urinalysis is the...
examination of the physical and chemical properites of urine
111
yellow color in urine is due to...
urochrome pigment from the breakdown of hemoglobin
112
odor in urine from
bacteria degrading urea to ammonia
113
chemical composition of urine
95% water, 5% solutes
114
normal volume for the average adult is...
1-2 L/day
115
polyuria is output...
in excess of 2L/day
116
oliguria is output of...
less than 500mL/day
117
anuria is output of...
0-100mL/Day
118
diabetes is...
any metabolic disorder resulting in chronic polyuria
119
diabetes mellitus
high levels of glucose, which opposes the reabsorption of water,
120
diabetes insipidus caused by
ADH hyposecretion causing not enough water to be reabsorbed in the collecting duct
121
another name for a kidney stone is a...
renal calculus
122
a renal calculus (kidney stone) is a...
hard granule of calcium phosphate, calcium oxalate, uric acid, or magnesium salt
123
kidney stones form in the
renal pelvis
124
causes of kidney stones (renal calculus) are....
dehydration, pH imbalances, frequent UTIs, enlarged prostate gland
125
cystitis is infection of the...
urinary bladder
126
pyelitis is infection of the...
renal pelvis
127
pyelonephritis is an infection that...
reaches the cortex and the nephrons
128
three types of homeostatic balance
1-water balance
2-electrolyte balance
3-acid-base balance
129
water balance is when
gain and losses are equal
130
water gain comes from two sources
```
ingested water (preformed)
metabolic water-byproduct of aerobic metabolism and dehydration synthesis
```
131
water loss two types
sensible and insensible
132
sensible water loss is...
observable
133
insensible water loss is...
unnoticed
134
amount of water lost per day through urine
1,500 mL
135
two major fluid compartments of the body
```
intracellular fluid (65%)
extracellular fluid (35%)
```
136
water moves through compartments via
osmosis
137
osmosis from one fluid compartment to another is determined by...
the relative concentrations of solutes in each compartment
138
electrolytes are the most abundant...
solute particles
139
sodium salts are located in the
ECF
140
potassium salts are located in the
ICF
141
electrolytes play the principle role in governing the bodys....
water distribution and total water content
142
edema happens when...
fluid accumulates within the intersititial compartments
143
dehydration reduces...
blood volume and pressure
144
dehydration increases...
blood osmolarity
145
which part of the brain regulates fluid intake?
hypothalamus
146
what part of the brain produces a conscious sense of thirst?
cortex
147
what receptors in the hypothalamus regulate fluid intake?
osmoreceptors
148
rise in blood osmolarity causes the blood pressure to...
drop
149
a rise in osmolarity causes the hypothalamus to produce...
antidiuretic hormone, which promotes water conservation
150
renin/angiotensin/aldostrone system is activated when...
there is a rise in osmolarity
151
ADH makes water go....
back into the body for use
152
ADH release is inhibited when... is too high or.... is too low
blood volume and pressure, blood osmolarity
153
fluid imbalance refers to abnormality of...
volume, concentration, distribution of fluid among compartments
154
volume depletion other name
hypovolemia
155
volume depletion (hypovolemia) happens when
the total body water declines, but the osmolarity remains normal (hemorrhage, severe burns, chronic vomiting, diarrhea)
156
dehydration happens when ...
the body eliminates significantly more water than sodium
157
as the total body water declines, the osmolarity...
rises
158
infants are more vulnerable to dehydration than adults due to...
high metabolic rate that demands high urine excretion
159
the body conserves heat by constricting
blood vessels of the skin forcing blood to deeper circulation
160
cold air is drier and increases... also reducing...
respiratory water loss, blood volume
161
cold weather respiratory and urinary losses cause a state of...
reduced blood volume (hypovolemia)
162
another name for reduced blood volume is....
hypovolemia
163
sweat is produced by...
capillary filtration
164
when blood volume and pressure drop, osmolarity...
rises
165
when dehydrated, blood will absorb ..... to replace loss
tissue fluid
166
in dehydration, the tissue fluid is pulled from the...
ICF
167
Heat Exhaustion signs
dehydration, excessive sweating, rapid heart beat, dizziness, fatigue, muscle cramps
168
Untreated Heat Exhaustion Leads to...
Heat stroke
169
Heat Stroke signs
medical emergency, "sun stroke," hot skin, elevated body temperature, brain and organ damage
170
Heat Stroke can be...
fatal
171
fluid excess is more or less common than fluid deficiency?
less
172
Why is fluid excess not as common?
because the kidneys are highly effective in compensating for excessive intake by excreting more urine
173
renal failure can lead to...
fluid retention
174
what are the two types of fluid excess?
volume excess and hypotonic hydration
175
hypotonic hydration happens when...
there is more water than Na+ retained or ingested. The ECF becomes hypotonic
176
Major Cations for Electrolyte Balance
Na+, K+, Ca2+, H+
177
Sodium is the principle .... responsible for...
ion, resting membrane potentials
178
Sodium is the principle cation in the...
ECF
179
Sodium Salts account for.... of osmolarity of ECF
90-95%
180
Adults need about ... of sodium per day
.5g
181
aldosterone is the... hormone
salt retaining (raises BP)
182
Aldostrone causes urine to contain....
less NaCl, more Potassium, and lower pH
183
Hypernatremia is defined as....
sodium concentration greater than 145 mEq/L
184
Hyponatremia is defined as...
plasma sodium concentrate less than 130
185
Hypernatremia caused by
too much IV saline
186
Hyponatremia caused by
sweating without replacing sodium
187
Potassium is the most abundant...
cation of the ICF
188
Which elecrolyte imbalance is most dangerous?
potassium
189
hyperkalemia can cause...
cardiac arrest
190
hyperkalemia is defined as...
too much potassium
191
hypokalemia is defined as...
not enough potassium
192
hypokalemia caused by
sweating, chronic vomiting, diarrhea
193
hypokalemia causes the nerve and muscle cells to be...
less excitable. causes muscle weakness, loss of muscle tone, decreased reflexes, and arrhythmias from irregular electrical activity in the heart
194
calcium affects the skeleton how?
strengthens is
195
calcium is involved in which aspect of muscle contraction?
sliding filament mechanism
196
calcium is a second messenger for some...
hormones and neurotransmitters
197
calcium activates.... of neurotransmitters
exocytosis
198
calcium is an essential factor in blood...
clotting
199
hypercalcemia defined as...
too much calcuim
200
hypocalcemia defined as ...
not enough calcium
201
hypocalcemia will cause the nervous and muscles systems to be...
abnormally excitable
202
why is acid-base balance so important
for homeostasis
203
metabolism depends on... and ... are sensitive to....
enzymes, enzymes, pH
204
a slight deviation from the normal pH can shut down the ....
entire metabolic pathways and alter the structure and function of macromolecules
205
what is the normal pH range of blood and tissue fluid?
7.35-7.45
206
metabolism constantly produces...
acid
207
metabolism causes
- lactic acids
- phosphoric acid
- fatty acid and ketones
- carbonic acid
208
lactic acid comes from...
anaerobic fermentation
209
phosphoric acid comes from..
nucleic acid catabolism
210
fatty acids and ketones come from...
fat catabolism
211
carbonic acid comes from
carbon dioxide
212
metabolic acidosis is a pH of...
less than 7.35
213
metabolic alkylosis is a pH of...
greater than 7.45
214
pH of a solution is determined by...
only its hydrogen ions
215
acid definition
any chemical that releases H+ in solution
216
bases definition
any chemical that accepts H+
217
buffer definition
any mechanism that resists changes in pH
218
buffers can convert...
strong acids or bases to weak ones
219
two types of buffers...
physiological and chemical
220
physiological buffers types
urinary system and respiratory system
221
does urinary system or respiratory system alter pH more?
urinary system
222
chemical buffers will restore normal pH within how much time?
seconds
223
three types of chemical buffers
bicarbonate, phosphate, protein systems
224
Protein buffers account for about...
3/4 of all chemical buffering in the body fluids
225
bicarbonate functions best in the...
LU and KI to constantly remove CO2
226
to lower pH, KI excrete...
HCO3
227
to raise pH, Ki and LU excrete...
H+, CO2
228
Phosphate Buffer system will...
liberate H+ and decrease pH or bind H+ and increase pH
229
The respiratory system neutralizes how much acid compared to chemical buffers
2-3 times
230
what is constantly produced by aerobic metabolism?
CO2
231
increased plasma CO2 stimulates what?
pulmonary ventilation
232
decreased plasma CO2 inhibits what?
pulmonary ventilation
233
renal tubules secrete... into the tubular fluid
H+
234
two types of acid-base imbalances...
respiratory and metabolic
235
respiratory acidosis occurs in what disease...
emphysema-not blowing off CO2 quickly enough
236
respiratory alkalosis caused by..
hyperventilation where the CO2 is eliminated faster than it's produced
237
metabolic acidosis caused by...
acidic drugs (aspirin), chronic diarrhea, laxative overuse
238
metabolic acidosis is a increased production of...
organic acids such as lactic acid and ketone bodies (diabetes)
239
metabolic alkalosis caused by
overuse of bicarbonates and loss of stomach acid
240
how does the body compensate for acidosis or alkalosis?
kidneys-respiratory origin
| respiratory system-metabolic origin
