Class 12: Lymphatic System Flashcards
(99 cards)
1
Q
function of lymphatic and immune systems
A
- maintain fluid balance
- protect body from infection and disease
2
Q
fluid recovery means
A
fluid continually filters from the blood capillaries into the tissue spaces
3
Q
lacteals are located
A
in the small intestine
4
Q
lacteals absorb
A
dietary lipids that are not absorbed by the blood capillaries
5
Q
lymph is similar to.. but has much less…
A
plasma, protein
6
Q
what is drawn into the lymphatic capillaries?
A
extracellular fluid
7
Q
lymphatic capillaries are….
A
sacs of thin endothelial cells
8
Q
lymphatic capillaries are closed…
A
at one end
9
Q
what opens the valve-like flaps in lymphatic capillaries?
A
interstitial fluid pressure
10
Q
lymphatic vessels have an outer layer called
A
tunica externa
11
Q
tunica media is
A
middle layer of lymphatic vessels
12
Q
tunica interna is comprised of…
A
endothelium and valves
13
Q
right lymphatic duct gets lymph from
A
right arm, right head and thorax
14
Q
right lymphatic duct drains into
A
right subclavian vein
15
Q
thoracic duct begins where… called what?
A
in abdomen, cisterna chyli
16
Q
thoracic duct empties into…
A
left subclavian vein
17
Q
lymph flows how compared to venous blood
A
lower pressure and slower speed
18
Q
skeletal muscle pump aids flow of…
A
lymph
19
Q
arterial pulsation is..
A
rhythmic squeezing of lymphatic vessels
20
Q
thoracic pump aids flow from…
A
abdominal to thoracic cavity
21
Q
types of lymphatic cells
A
- natural killer
- t lymphocytes
- b lymphocytes
22
Q
natural killer cells are responsible for…
A
non-specific surveillance
23
Q
b lymphocytes when activated cause…
A
proliferation and differentiation into plasma cells that produce antibodies
24
Q
all lyphocytes originate in the
A
red bone marrow
25
t-cell precursors travel to...
thymus to specialize into t-cells
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b-cells originate in...
red bone marrow
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b-cells migrate to the...
spleen and lymph nodes
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primary lymphatic organs are...
red bone marrow and thymus
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secondary lymphatic organs are
lymph nodes, tonsils, and spleen
30
thymus belongs to which systems?
endocrine, lymphatic, and immune
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thymus houses...
developing t-lymphocytes
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thymus secretes...
hormones
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thymus degenerates with...
age
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there are about... lymph nodes in a typical young adult
450
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lymph nodes serve two functions...
1-cleanse the lymph
| 2-act as a site of t and b cell activation
36
major lymph node locations
cervical, axillary, thoracic
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cervical lymph nodes take lymph from...
head and neck
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axillary lymph nodes take lymph from...
upper limb and breast
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thoracic lymph nodes take lymph from
mediastinum, lungs, and airway
40
lymphadenopathy is
a collective term for all lymph node diseases
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cancer of lymph nodes also seems like
swollen, firm, and usually painless
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metastasizing cancer cells can easily enter the...
lymphatic vessels
43
what is the body's largest lymphatic organ?
spleen
44
red pulp contains...
sinuses are filled with erythrocytes
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white pulp contains...
lymphocytes, macrophages surrounding small branches of splenic artery
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functions of spleen
- blood production in fetus
- blood reservoir
- RBC disposal
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white pulp monitors the blood for...
foreign antigens
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pathogens are...
environmental agents that are capable of producing disease
- infectious organisms
- toxic chemicals
- radiation
49
external barrier against pathogens is...
skin and mucous membranes
50
non specific defense mechanisms include
```
leukocytes and macrophages
antimicrobial proteins
immune surveillance
inflammation
fever
```
51
specific defense is...
immunity-defeats a pathogen and leaves the body a "memory" of it so it can defeat it faster in the future
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defensins are...
peptides on the skin that are antimicrobial
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acid mantle is..
a thin film of lactic acid from sweat which inhibits bacterial growth
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mucous membranes protect by
physically trapping microbes
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mucous membranes have ...
lysozymes, which destroy bacterial cell walls
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signs of inflammation
redness, pain, heat, swelling
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antimicrobial proteins are known as...
interferons
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interferon is secreted by..
cells infected by viruses
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interferons function to...
protect neighboring cells
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interferons activate...
natural killer (NK) cells and macrophages
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interferons destroy...
the infected cell divide and the newly replicated virus spreads
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compliment system is...
a cascade of enzymatic reactions that creates a Membrane attack complex
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immune surveillance is...
when the nk cells continually patrol the body, on the lookout for pathogens and diseased host cells
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two characteristics that distinguish immunity from nonspecific resistance
specificity and memory
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specificity refers to...
immunity directed against a particular pathogen
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memory refers to...
when someone is re-exposed to the same pathogen, the body response is faster- no noticable illness
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lymphocytes attack...
foreign cells or diseased host cells directly
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b cells attack...
the pathogen indirectly
69
t-cells are exposed to antigens...
after a macrophage destroys pathogen
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once exposed to antigen debris, the...
t-cell divides and specializes
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cytotoxic cells are...
killer t cells- carry out the attack on enemy cells
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helper t cells function to...
help promote t cell and b cell action and non-specific resistance
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regulatory t cells
inhibit multiplication and cytokine secretion by other t cells, limit immune response
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memory cells
descend from the cytotoxic t cells, responsible for memory in cellular immunity
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b cells differentiate into...
plasma cells and memory cells
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plasma cells produce...
antibodies that are specifically meant to destroy antigens
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memory cells will ...
"remember the specific antigen, on the next encounter will produce antibodies
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what are the three stages of cellular and humoral immunity
- recognition
- attack
- memory
three r's -recognize, react, remember
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immunoglobulin abbreviation
Ig
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an Ig is an...
antibody found in plasma, tissue fluids, etc
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an Ig has what type of site?
antigen binding site
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IgG is...
a monomer, constitutes 80% of circulating antibodies
83
how many genes are there in the human genome
35,000
84
the human immune system is capable of how many different antibodies?
1 trillion
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somatic recombination is when
DNA segments are shuffled and form new combinations of base sequences to produce antibody genes
86
IgE stimulates...
release of histamine and other chemical mediators of inflammation and allergy
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somatic hypermutation is when
b cells in lymph nodules rapidly mutate creating new sequences
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primary immune response is...
the first time the body has had an immune reaction
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immune response may be
- too vigorous
- too weak
- misdirected against own body
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how many autoimmune diseases are there?
at least one hundred
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natural passive immunity is..
temporary immunity that results from antibodies produces by mother
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artificial passive immunity is...
temporary immunity that results from the injection of immune serum from another person or animal
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treatment for snakebite, botulism, rabies, etc. is what type of immunity?
artificial passive immunity
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natural active immunity is...
production of ones own antibodies or t cells as a result of infection- get sick
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artificial active immunity is...
production of antibodies from vaccination
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vaccine consists of...
dead or weakened pathogens-stimulate immune response without causing disease
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booster shots are...
periodic immunizations that stimulate immune memory to maintain a high level of protection
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immunodeficiency disease caused by
immune system failing to react vigorously enough
99
SCID is..
severe combined immunodeficiency disease
