Class 11: Endocrine System Flashcards
(124 cards)
1
Q
hormones will float around in the blood stream and then reach..
A
the target organ or target tissue
2
Q
Endocrine organs are…
A
pineal glad, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, thymus, adrenal gland, pancreas, parathyroid, gonads
3
Q
exocrine glands have…
A
exits.., have ducts.
4
Q
endocrine glands have…
A
no ducts. have intracellular effects such as altering target cell metabolism
5
Q
there are several chemicals that function as both
A
hormones and neurotransmitters
6
Q
what is the relationship between the endocrine and nervous systems?
A
they regulate each other
7
Q
neurons trigger…
A
hormone secretion
8
Q
hormones will affect neurons how?
A
stimulate or inhibit
9
Q
three classes of chemicals
A
steroids, peptides and glycoproteins, monoamines
10
Q
steroids are derived from…
A
cholesterol
11
Q
steroids are secreted by..
A
gonads and adrenal glands
12
Q
estrogen, progesterone, testosterone, cortisol, corticosterone, aldosterone, DHEA and calcitriol are all…
A
steroids
13
Q
peptides and glycoproteins are created from..
A
chains of amino acids
14
Q
peptides and glycoproteins are secreted by which parts of the brain?
A
pituitary and hypothalamus
15
Q
oxytocin, antidiuretic hormone, releasing and inhibiting hormones, and anterior pituitary hormones are all…
A
peptides and glycoproteins
16
Q
monoamines are derived from..
A
amino acids
17
Q
monamines are secreted by which endocrine glands?
A
adrenals, pineal, thyroid glands
18
Q
epinephrine, norepinephrine, melatonin and thyroid hormone are all..
A
monamines
19
Q
hypothalamus “instructs” the…
A
pituitary gland
20
Q
hypothalamus produces …., which affect pituitary function
A
releasing factors or inhibitory factors
21
Q
somatostatin affects the…
A
anterior pituitary
22
Q
dopamine affects the…
A
anterior pituitary
23
Q
TRH affects the
A
anterior pituitary
24
Q
CRH affects the
A
anterior pituitary
25
GnRH affects the...
anterior pituitary
26
GHRH affects the...
anterior pituitary
27
hypothalamus forms the...
floor and walls of the third ventricle of the brain
28
hypothalamus regulates what?
primitive functions of the brain-water balance to thermoregulation to sex drive
29
the pituitary gland is suspended from the... by a...
hypothalamus, stalk
30
the pituitary is housed in the...
sell turcica of the sphenoid
31
adenohypophysis is the..., contains...
anterior pituitary, glandular tissue
32
neurohypophysis is the..., contains
posterior pituitary, neural tissue
33
2 hormones that influence the posterior pituitary
oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone
34
oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone are stored...
in the posterior pituitary, but posterior pituitary does not synthesize them
35
ADH increases..., thus reducing.. and preventing
water retention, urine volume, dehydration
36
ADH is also called what, why?
vasopressin, vasoconstriction
37
OT stimulates...
labor contractions during childbirth and the flow of milk during lactation
38
OT is short for
oxytocin
39
Oxytocin
is produced by hugging and petting
40
and...
makes wifies happy :)
41
FSH-follicle stimulating hormone stimulates secretion of...
ovarian sex hormones, development of ovarian follicles, and sperm production
42
LH-lutenizing hormone stimulates...
ovulation, progesterone, testes to secrete testosterone
43
TSH-thyroid stimulating hormone stimulates secretion of...
thyroid hormone
44
ACTH-adrenocorticotropic hormone stimulates
adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids
45
PRL-prolactin stimulates...
mammary glads to synthesize milk and enhances secretion of testosterone by testes
46
GH-growth hormone stimulates
mitosis and cellular differentiation
47
Growth hormone releasing factor stimulates...
adenohypophysis (anterior pituitary)
48
GHRF induces the ... to produce...
LR, growth stimulants
49
pineal gland controls the...
biological clock
50
pineal gland produces...
melatonin
51
thymus is a site of....
maturation of T cells, which are important in immune defense
52
thymus progressively...
degenerates after puberty
53
thyroid glad secretes...
calcitonin
54
calcitonin regulates...
serum Ca+ levels
55
Calcitonin stimulates
osteoblast activity and bone formation
56
parathyroid glads are located...
on the posterior surface of the thyroid
57
Parathyroid glad secretes..., which increases...
parathyroid hormone, blood Ca levels
58
Adrenal glad has two parts...
cortex and medulla
59
adrenal medulla which part of the adrenal
inner core
60
adrenal medulla has a duel...
nature. acting as endocrine glad and sympathetic gangion
61
when the adrenal medulla is stimulated it releases
catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine)
62
epinephrine and norepinephrine mobilize...
fuels (lactate, fatty acids, glucose)
63
glycogen is the storage form of...
glucose
64
in glucose-sparing, muscles use fatty acids and save glucose for the...
brain
65
gluconeogenesis is the production of...
glucose from non-glucose sources (fat and protein)
66
epinephrine and norepinephrine act like the
sympathetic nervous system
67
the hypothalamus, pituitary, adrenal axic is known as the...
adaptive homeostat
68
categories of corticosteriouds from the adrenal cortex (3)
mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, sex steroids
69
mineralocorticoids regulate..
electrolyte balance
70
aldostrone stimulates...
Na retention and K excretion
71
cortisol is a ...
glucocorticoid
72
cortisol stimulates...
fat and protein catabolism, geluconeogenesis and release of fatty acids and glucose into blood
73
cortisol helps body to...
adapt to stress and repair tissues
74
long term cortisol production can lead to...
immune suppression
75
androgens and estradiol are...
sex steroids
76
adrogens set... throughout life
libido
77
estradiol is important after...
menopause for sustaining bone mass
78
addison is defined as...
hyposecretion of the entire adrenal gland
79
with addison's disease there is insufficient...
androgens, mineralcorticoids, glucocorticoids
80
pancreas has which functions?
exocrine and endocrine
81
pancreatic hormones (3)
insulin, glucagon, somatostatin
82
insulin comes from...
islets of langerhans
83
insulin is secreted by which cells?
B, Beta cells
84
insulin is secreted...
during and after a meal when glucose and amino acid blood levels are rising
85
insulin stimulates...
cells to absorb nutrients and store or metabolize them, lowering blood glucose levels
86
glucogon is secreted by
A or alpha cells
87
glucagon is released when..
blood is hypoglycemic
88
somatostatin is secreted by...
D or delta cells
89
somatostatin partially..
suppresses secretion of glucagon and insulin
90
somatostatin function related to digestion
slows digestion down, which prolongs absorption of nutrients
91
hormones that raise blood glucose
glucagon, growth hormone, epinephrine, norepinephrine, cortisol, corticosterone
92
hormones that lower blood glucose
insulin
93
ovaries are both...
endocrine and exocrine glands
94
ovarian hormones are...
estradiol, progesterone, inhibin
95
testicular hormones are..
testosterone, weaker androgens, estrogen, inhibin
96
hormones are very...
powerful
97
synergistic effects...
multiple hormones act together for a greater effect
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permissive effects...
one hormone enhances the target organ's response to a second later hormone
99
antagonistic effects
one hormone opposes the action of another
100
FSH and testosterone are an example off... effect
synergistic
101
estrogen and progesterone are examples of a.... effect
permissive
102
insulin and glucagon are examples of a... effect
antagonistic
103
most hormones are taken up and degraded by...
liver and kidney
104
hormones are secreted in the...
bile or urine
105
three phases of stress
alarm, resistance, exhaustion
106
alarm phase prepares the body for
fight or flight
107
in the alarm phase, what is consumed?
stored glycogen
108
in the alarm phase, what is increased?
aldosterone and angiotensin
109
second phase is dominated by...
cortisol
110
in the second phase, what part of the brain secretes what?
pituitary, increases ACTH
111
cortisol has what kind of effect on glucose
glucose-sparing. inhibits protein synthesis leaving free amino acids for glucogenesis
112
third stage of exhaustion
marked by rapid decline, HT and KI infection, muscle wasting, adrenal cortex shuts down
113
paracrines examples
histamines, prostaglandin
114
histamines cause...
relaxation of blood vessel smooth muscle
115
prostaglandins are...
inflammatory and anti-inflammatory
116
myxedema is another name for
hypothyroidism in adults
117
a goiter is...
any pathological enlargement of the thyroid gland
118
graves disease causes...
hyperthyroidism
119
hyperparathyroidism promotes
renal calculi formation (kidney stones)
120
cushing syndrome is...
excess cortisol secretion
121
adrenogenital syndrome accompanies...
cushings
122
adrenogenital syndrome causes
englargement of sexual organs
123
cushing causes
hyperglycemia, hypertension, weakness, edema, abnormal fat deposit, muscle and bone loss
124
what is the most prevalent metabolic disease in the world
diabetes
