Classificstion And Shit Flashcards
(93 cards)
1
Q
How many species are on earth
A
8.7 million
2
Q
Why do scientists use scientific names
A
Confusion over different common names
I.e. Mountain lion, Panther, cougar, puma
3
Q
How do you fuck her right in the pussy
A
Good
4
Q
How many species have scientists named
A
1.5 million
5
Q
Who is Carolous Linneaeus
A
A Swedish botanist
6
Q
What did Linnaeus develop
A
A system of naming called binomial nomenclature
7
Q
What are the 2 names in binomial nomenclature
A
1.Genus-considered to be closely related
I.E. 34 reef sharks with genus caroharinus
2.species-most specific taxa
-often a description of an important trait
8
Q
What are the naming rules
A
- genus species
- Latin or Greek
- italicized(typing)
- capitalize genus not species
- underline when writing
9
Q
What is classification
A
The naming and arranging of organisms into groups(taxa) based on similarities
10
Q
What is another name for classification
A
Taxonomy or systematics
11
Q
Who are scientists that name organisms
A
Taxonomists
12
Q
How many taxa are there
A
Started with 4, grew to 7
13
Q
What is taxa based on
A
Anatomical similarities and differences
14
Q
What is the order of the taxa
A
Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
15
Q
What are the 4 benefits of classifying
A
- It helps identify the relationship between organisms
- It requires scientist to identify specific characteristics
- It prevents misnomers such as starfish
- Latin names are understood by all taxonomists
16
Q
What is the dichotomous key
A
- used to identify organisms
- characteristics in pairs
- read both characteristics to identify the organism
17
Q
What is phylogeny
A
The evolutionary history of lineages
18
Q
What is the goal of phylogeny
A
To group species into categories that reflects evolutionary descent rather than just similarities or differences
19
Q
What is a cladogram
A
It shows how organisms are related based on certain derived characteristics
I.e. Scales/feathers
20
Q
What is included in a Clade
A
A single common ancestor with all the descendants
21
Q
What is mono phyletic
A
Clades are mono phyletic
Include only common ancestor and all descendants
22
Q
What is para phyletic
A
Some taxa are para phyletic
Include common ancestor but not all descendants
23
Q
What is a node and what does it represent
A
Branches
Common ancestors
24
Q
What is a root
A
A common ancestor shared by all
25
Why are scientific names Latin
Latin is a dead language and cannot be changed
26
What does a family name end with
Idae
27
Why does Linnaeuss stuff change
Technology in genetics
28
When are bird/reptiles a Clade
When they are included together
29
What are the 6 types of kingdoms
Eubacteria, archaebacteria, protista, fungi, plantae, animalia
30
How many domains are there
3
31
What are the 3 domains
Archaea, bacteria, eukarya
32
What are bacteria
Prokaryotes with peptidoglycan in their cell walls
| Some are aerobic and anaerobic
33
Kingdom eubacteria
I.e. Streptococcus, ecoli
| -photosynthetic and chemosynthetic
34
Archaea
- Kingdom Archaebacteria
- cell type-prokaryote
- cell walls-do not have peptidoglycan
- contains lipids not found in any other organisms
- unicellular-aerobic and anaerobic-can live in extreme environments
35
Eukarya
- contains organisms whose cells contain nucleus and membrane bound organelles
- includes protist, fungi, plants, and animals
36
Kingdom Protista
- eukaryotic organisms that cannot be classified as animals, plants, or fungi
- contains greatest variety
- can be unicellular or multicellular, photosynthetic or chemosynthetic
- all bacteria
37
Fungi kingdom
- heterotrophs have cell walls made of chitin, Feed on dying or dead organisms by secreting digestive enzymes into it and absorbing small food molecules into their bodies
- can be multicellular (mushrooms) or unicellular (yeasts)
38
Kingdom plantae
- multicellular, photosynthetic, autotrophs
- immobile
- cell walls made of cellulose
39
Kingdom Anamalia
- multicellular and heterotrophic
- no cell walls
- Great diversity/many species exist all over the world
40
What is a Permineralized fossil
Materials carried by water are deposited around a hard structure
This fills body cavities
41
What are natural casts
Flowing water removes all original to see you leaving a mold that is filled with minerals(three-dimensional)
42
What are trace fossils
Record of activity of an organism
| I.e. Footprints, burrows, nests, droppings
43
What are preserved remains
Preserved tissue found in ice or Peat Boggs
44
What are amber preserved fossils
Fossils preserved in tree sap
45
Where do most fossils form
Sedimentary rocks
46
How are sedimentary rocks formed
When dirt, silt, and rocks are carried by water and settle. These rock layers then press together and the pressure causes rock
47
What happens to most hard remains (bones shells wood)
It is replaced by minerals
48
What types of organisms were not usually fossilized
Soft organisms like worms
49
What can scientists infer from fossils
- structure
- what they ate
- predators
- environment
50
What does the fossil record suggest
That the earth has changed
51
Relative dating
- age determined by the place of the fossil
- index fossils are used to compare the age
- must be short lived and widespread(trilobites)
- Offers ESTIMATE of age
52
Radioactive dating
- Uses radioactive isotopes to age fossils
| - radioactive elements decay until they become stable elements at a steady rate
53
What is a half life
The amount of time it takes for half of a radioactive sample to decay
54
What is carbon-14's half-life
- 5730 years
| - It is used to date fossils under 60000 years old
55
What is potassium 40s half-life
1.26 billion years
56
What is uranium 238's half-life
4.5 billion years
57
What is rubidium 87s half life
48.8 billion years
58
What is carbon 14s stable form
Nitrogen 14
59
What is a strata
A layer of rock
60
What is the first period in the geological time scale
The Precambrian period
61
How long is the Precambrian period (%)
88%
62
When was the earth formed
4.6 billion years ago
63
How long did it take for earth to form
100 million years
64
What is the nebula hypothesis
- collisions of dust and debris in a swirling mass
| - they came together and elements rearranged themselves based on density
65
What did the atmosphere contain
- hydrogen cyanide
- carbon dioxide
- carbon monoxide
- nitrogen
- hydrogen sulfide
- water vapor
66
What color was the sky
Pinkish orange
67
Why did the earth begin to cool
The expanding atmosphere possibly due to volcanic eruptions
| The first rocks then formed
68
What happened when it began to rain
- oceans formed
| - brown due to presence of iron
69
What did Alexander oparin develop
The primordial soup model
70
What was Stanley miller and Harold Urey's experiment
- no oxygen in experiment
- result:simple organic molecules were formed
- it was incorrect because they didn't use the proper gasses as the atmosphere
71
When did life begin
200-300 million years ago simple cells were common
72
Who was Sidney fox
He said the portentous microspheres could have given rise to the first cells
-microspheres were not alive but had some characteristics of life
73
Did DNA or RNA evolve first
RNA
74
What makes scientists believe that RNA evolved first
- it can help DNA replicate
- it can replicate itself (ribozymes)
- it is a catalyst
75
When did bacteria exist
Microfossils suggest 3.5 billion years ago
| -evolved without oxygen
76
Prokaryotic Heterotrophs
-photosynthetic bacteria that evolved due to lack of resources 2.2 billion years ago
77
What did the oxygen released by photosynthetic bacteria lead to
- caused iron in ocean to rust and sink leading to blue ocean
- ozone layer formed and skies turned blue
- led to first extinction due to oxygen presence
78
How do many scientists believe eukaryotic cell developed, who invented this theory
Large prokaryote ate small one and allowed it to live inside of it, had a symbiotic relationship
-Lynn mullis invented the endosymbiotic theory
79
What is evidence that supports the endosymbiotic theory
Mitochondria and chloroplasts both have their own DNA and can replicate without the cell
80
What did sexual reproduction lead to
- allowed evolution to occur faster
| - multicellular organisms millions of years later led to increased genetic diversity
81
What is the first step of life
Precambrian soft body organisms
82
What came after the Precambrian
Cambrian explosion
83
What came after the Cambrian
Invertebrates
84
What came after invertebrates
Vertebrates
85
What came after vertebrates
Land plants
86
What came after land plants
Arthropods (small animals)
87
What came after Arthropods
Amphibians
88
What came after amphibians
Reptiles
89
What came after reptiles
Small mammals and dinosaurs
90
What came after small mammals and dinosaurs
Birds and a mass extinction of 1/2 of all organisms
91
What came after birds and extinction
Large mammals
92
What came after large mammals
The ice age
93
What came after the ice age
Man
