Genetic Engineering

Question 0

What is Hybridization

Answer 0

Crossing organisms with different traits normally bigger and stronger than the parents
Ex-crossing a food plant with a non food plant that is resistant to a disease offspring have both traits

Question 1

What is selective breeding

Answer 1

Humans choose the traits

Ex-Dogs

Question 2

What is inbreeding

Answer 2

Crossing organisms with similar traits to maintain the desired characteristics

Question 3

What are the cons of inbreeding

Answer 3

Greater risk of recessive genetic disorders because it is more likely that they will carry the allele
Ex-hemophilia in royal families

Question 4

What is cull

Answer 4

Removing individuals you don’t want to produce

Question 5

What is biotechnology

Answer 5

The application of technological processes to a living organism

Question 6

What is a gene pool

Answer 6

All the genes and phenotypes of a specific breed

Question 7

How do breeders increase diversity

Answer 7

Inducing mutations by using chemicals and radiation

Ex-drugs that will prevent chromosomal separation during meiosis can produce polyploid plants

Question 8

What is genetic engineering

Answer 8

Involves making changes in DNA

Question 9

How can DNA be extracted

Answer 9

It can be extracted from mast cells by a simple chemical process
We did this in the banana lab

Question 10

What is transformation

Answer 10

The process in which a cell takes in dna from an organism outside the cell
-griffiths mice

Question 11

What are plasmids

Answer 11

Small circular DNa molecules found in some bacteria

Question 12

What is special about plasmids

Answer 12

They can replicate on their own

Question 13

What do plasmids contain

Answer 13

They contain a sequence that promotes replication

Contain genetic markers

Question 14

What are genetic markers

Answer 14

Genes that make it easy to distinguish the bacteria

Ex-anabiotic resistance genes are often used

Question 15

Why do scientists cut DNA into fragments

Answer 15

Because it is too large to work with

-found answer in bacteria

Question 16

What are restriction enzymes

Answer 16

Enzymes that cut DNA into fragments
There are hundreds of different types
Like little scissors
Each one cuts at a specific nucleotide sequence

Question 17

Blunt vs sticky ends

Answer 17

DNA-ends end with the same complementation base: blunt end
DNA-ends end with one or more unpaired nucleotides: sticky end
There are enzyme available that cur sticky ends to blunt ends and vice versa, normally done after restriction enzymes did their job, in order to facilitate cloning.

Question 18

What is the first step of making insulin

Answer 18

Take out plasmid DNA and human DNA

Question 19

What is the second step of making insulin

Answer 19

Cut DNA samples with the same restriction enzyme

Question 20

Is the third step of making insulin

Answer 20

Mix the fragments

-they join by base pairing

Question 21

Why do you use the same restriction enzyme

Answer 21

It allows them to fit together

Question 22

Do all of the plasmids take in the gene

Answer 22

No, others just glue back to itself

Question 23

What is recombinant DNA

Answer 23

DNA containing two different sources of DNA

Question 24

What is the fourth step of making insulin

Answer 24

Place plasmids back into bacteria using a mechanical vector

Question 25

What are mechanical vectors

Answer 25

Micropipette | Gene gun

Question 26

What is a gene gun

Answer 26

Shoots microscopic bullets coated in DNA | Mostly used in plants because they can break the cell wall

Question 27

What is the fifth step of making insulin

Answer 27

Allow the bacteria to produce

Question 28

What happens each time the bacteria reproduce

Answer 28

It will copy the the inserted gene | It does this because DNA is universal

Question 29

What is the end product of insulin production

Answer 29

A transgenic organism

Question 30

What is a transgenic organisms

Answer 30

An organism with genes from other organisms

Question 31

What is a polymerase chain reaction

Answer 31

A process used to make copies of DNA sample

Question 32

What are the requirements of PCR

Answer 32

•Thermocycler-provides heat to separate the DNA strands •Primers-mall segments of DNA that bind to sample,DNA polymerase attaches to primers and begins copying DNA •nucleotides capable of making millions of copies in a short period of time

Question 33

Inventor of PCR

Answer 33

Kary Mallis

Question 34

Where was the DNA found that could withstand the pressure of the thermocycler

Answer 34

Yellowstone geysers

Question 35

What is gel electrophoresis

Answer 35

The process that separates DNA fragments by size

Question 36

What charge do DNA fragments have

Answer 36

Negative

Question 37

What is the first step of gel electrophoresis

Answer 37

DNA is separated

Question 38

What is the second step of gel electrophoresis

Answer 38

DNA is placed in wells on a gel plate

Question 39

What is the third step of gel electrophoresis

Answer 39

Electric current is applied and negatively charged fragments migrate towards the positive pole

Question 40

What is DNA fingerprinting

Answer 40

It analyzes sections of non coding DNA (introns) because they vary from person to person

Question 41

Process of DNA fingerprinting

Answer 41

1-DNA cut by enzymes 2-gel run the same way 3-DNA probes are used to identify specific sequences Of nucleotides Southern blotting technique used to insert the probes

Question 42

Result of DNA fingerprinting

Answer 42

A pattern of bonds that can be distinguished as belonging to a specific individual AKA DNA fingerprint

Question 43

Used of DNA fingerprinting

Answer 43

Paternity tests and forensics

Question 44

What is sequencing DNA

Answer 44

Scientist use PCR to make copies of unknown sample

Question 45

What is special about sequencing DNA

Answer 45

Along with A,T,C,G, they also add special bases with a chemical die

Question 46

What is the dye used for

Answer 46

The dye labeled basesterminate replication

Question 47

What is the result of the dye

Answer 47

DNA fragments are different sizes

Question 48

What is the last step in sequencing DNA

Answer 48

Gel electrophoresis can separate fragments by size

Question 49

What is DNA MicroArray used for

Answer 49

It is used to study thousands of genes at once to compare their activity levels

Question 50

What is the process of DNA MicroArray

Answer 50

Messenger RNA is removed, if the gene is active it will combined with the known genes of the MicroArray

Question 51

What is an example of a genetically mutated plant

Answer 51

A plant that produces natural insecticides

Question 52

What is the first step in cloning

Answer 52

The nucleus from egg is removed and a nucleus from a body cell is added

Question 53

What is the next step of cloning

Answer 53

The new egg is placed in surrogate

Question 54

What is an successful example of cloning

Answer 54

Dolly the sheep

Question 55

What is a pro of cloning

Answer 55

It could help save endangered species

Question 56

What is a con of cloning

Answer 56

It decreases genetic diversity

Question 57

What is gene therapy

Answer 57

The process of changing genes that cause genetic mutations

Question 58

What is used in gene therapy

Answer 58

Vectors are used to insert the normal Gene viruses are often used

Question 59

What is some applications of gene therapy

Answer 59

Hemophilia and cystic fibrosis

Question 60

What are the problems of genetic therapy

Answer 60

It decreases genetic diversity It conflicts with certain beliefs systems And the long-term effects have not been studied