Clinical Essentials

Question 1

Give 4 examples of storage (filling) LUTS?

Answer 1

Frequency, urgency, nocturia, dysuria

Question 2

Give 4 examples of obstructive (voiding) LUTS?

Answer 2

Poor stream, terminal dribbling, incomplete emptying, hesitancy

Question 3

Are storage (filling) urological symptoms more common in males or females?

Answer 3

Females

Question 4

Are obstructive (voiding) urological symptoms more common in males or females?

Answer 4

Males

Question 5

What is the normal post-void residual volume in individuals aged < 65 years?

Answer 5

< 50mls

Question 6

What is the normal post-void residual volume in individuals aged > 65 years?

Answer 6

< 100mls

Question 7

A triad of dysuria, urgency and frequency is most suggestive of which diagnosis?

Answer 7

UTI

Question 8

How does acute urinary retention usually present?

Answer 8

Severe lower abdominal pain and an inability to pass urine

Question 9

If a person has haematuria caused by bleeding in the lower urinary tract, when does it typically occur in the stream?

Answer 9

The end of the stream

Question 10

What are the two main causes of painful haematuria?

Answer 10

UTIs and renal stones

Question 11

Painless haematuria is often the presenting feature of what?

Answer 11

Tumours of the urinary tract (particularly bladder and kidney)

Question 12

Haematuria involving clots suggests that the bleeding is coming from where?

Answer 12

The upper urinary tract

Question 13

Haematuria due to exercise e.g. contact sports or long-distance running will usually resolve within how long?

Answer 13

7 days

Question 14

Bouts of severe, unilateral loin to groin pain associated with haematuria is known as what (if no other underlying cause is found on investigation)?

Answer 14

Loin pain haematuria syndrome

Question 15

Pain from the kidneys is usually felt where?

Answer 15

Loin

Question 16

Pain from the bladder is usually felt where?

Answer 16

Suprapubic area

Question 17

Pain from the prostate may be felt where?

Answer 17

Perineum

Question 18

What are the two main urological causes for acute loin pain?

Answer 18

Obstructed-infected kidney or renal calculi

Question 19

The presence of nitrites in the urine indicates the presence of what?

Answer 19

Gram negative bacteria

Question 20

What type of urine sample is used for microscopy and culture?

Answer 20

Mid-stream sample

Question 21

What is the initial modality of choice for imaging the kidneys and bladder?

Answer 21

Ultrasound

Question 22

What is the initial modality of choice for imaging the prostate gland?

Answer 22

Trans-rectal ultrasound (TRUS)

Question 23

What is a baseline imaging test which is done in everyone presenting with suspected renal calculi, but often shows nothing?

Answer 23

KUB radiograph (plain radiograph)

Question 24

What is the difference between a CT-KUB and CT-urogram?

Answer 24

CT-urogram utilises contrast, while a CT-KUB does not

Question 25

What is the imaging investigation of choice instead of CT-urogram in patients who have contrast allergies, renal impairment or are pregnant?

Answer 25

MR-urography

Question 26

What investigation is used to measure the volume of urine passed with time, and is used to calculate the flow rate?

Answer 26

Uroflowmetry

Question 27

What is the gold standard investigation for someone presenting with renal colic?

Answer 27

CT-KUB

Question 28

If aged > 50 years, what are the gold standard investigations for someone presenting with macroscopic haematuria?

Answer 28

CT-urogram and cystoscopy

Question 29

If aged < 50 years, what is the gold standard investigation for someone presenting with macroscopic haematuria?

Answer 29

Renal ultrasound

Question 30

What is the gold standard investigation for someone presenting with a renal mass?

Answer 30

CT-urogram

Question 31

Renal masses which contain fat are usually what?

Answer 31

Benign angiomyolipomas

Question 32

What is the gold standard investigation for someone presenting with suspected renal trauma?

Answer 32

CT-urogram

Question 33

What investigations can be used for someone presenting with suspected bladder trauma?

Answer 33

Cystography (x-ray) or CT-cystography

Question 34

What should you never do if you have suspicion of a urethral injury?

Answer 34

Catheterise

Question 35

What is the gold standard investigation for a painful or swollen scrotum?

Answer 35

Ultrasound

Question 36

What is a cause for hyper-vascularisation of the testis on ultrasound?

Answer 36

Epididymo-orchitis

Question 37

What is a cause for hypo-vascularisation/avascularisation of the testis on ultrasound?

Answer 37

Testicular torsion