CNS

Question 1

What is a different name for the cerebral peduncles?

Answer 1

Crus cerebri

Question 2

Do the cerebral peduncles contain motor or sensory firbres?

Answer 2

Motor ONLY

Question 3

Loss of sensory modalities in left T3
Loss of spinothalamic from T4 down on the right
Loss of dorsal coloumn from T4 down on the left

Answer 3

Left side of the T3 cord segment
(Brown-sequard syndrome)
Loss of sensory on contralateral
loss of DC below contralateral
loss of spInothalamic Ipsilateral

Question 4

Why would a patient feel no pain in his leg after a car crash?

Answer 4

Increased activation of enkephalinergic neurones in the spinal cord

Question 5

How might damage to the thalamus affect movement?

Answer 5

Decreased movement

Question 6

In the internal capsule where will the fibres of the lower limb be found?

Answer 6

Posterior limb

Question 7

Why would a stroke affecting the lateral aspect of the motor cortex affect swallowing?

Answer 7

Denervation of the cranial nerve nuclei which distribute LMNs in the vagus nerve

Question 8

Which structure in the midbrain is important for motor control?

Answer 8

Red nucleus

Question 9

Which brain structure is crucial for consolidation of implicit memory?

Answer 9

Cerebellum (non-declarative)

Question 10

Which epilepsy would describe a boy who ‘stops paying attention/zones out’ before continuing where he left off?

Answer 10

Petit mal/Absence seizure

Question 11

A rapid onset of dementia in young people is suggestive of what?

Answer 11

Prion disease

Question 12

Occlusion of the proximal portion of the superior cerebellar artery may lead to damage to which other structure?

Answer 12

Midbrain

Question 13

Which artery is effected with a ‘right homonymous hemianopia with macular sparing’?

Answer 13

Left posterior cerebral artery
(MCA backup for macula)

Question 14

What effect will deep brain stimulation have on OCD patients?

Answer 14

Increased excitation of GPi and Substatia nigra reducing cortical avtivation
Inhibiting re-entrant loops

Question 15

Where do you find the most D2 receptors?

Answer 15

1. Substantia nigra
2. Striatum

Question 16

What type of schizophrenia presents with inappropriate laughter, thought disorder and child-like behaviour?

Answer 16

Hebephrenic schizophrenia

Question 17

Which is not recommended for long term use in the management of anxiety?

Answer 17

Benzodiazaepines
(addictive and severe side effects)

Question 18

The raphe nuclei produces which neurotransmitter?

Answer 18

Seretonin (5-HT)

Question 19

Internuclear opthalmoplegia can be caused by damage to which pathway?

Answer 19

Medial longitudinal Fasciculus
(coordinates eye movements)

Question 20

What is Brown-Sequard syndrome and how does it present?

Answer 20

Hemisection of cord destroyed
Loss of ipsilateral dermatome
Loss of DC modalities below CONTRALATERALLY
Loss of spinothalamic modalities below IPSILATERALLY

Question 21

A seizure in which lobe could cause olfactory hallucinations?

Answer 21

Temporal lobe
(contains the primary olfactory cortex)

Question 22

Which nerve runs parallel to posterior communicating artery?

Answer 22

CN III
(aneurysm here will cause CN III palsy)

Question 23

What is the prevalence of OCD?

Answer 23

2%

Question 24

Which lobe causes a superior or inferior homonymous quadrantanopia?

Answer 24

Superior - temoral
Inferior - parietal
(OPPOSITES)

Question 25

Which part of the ventricular system is deep to the cerebellum?

Answer 25

Fourth ventricle

Question 26

A woman presents with a widely dilated pupil, where is the problem?

Answer 26

Oculomotor nerve

Question 27

Where does the facial nerve leave the skull?

Answer 27

Through the stylomastoid foramen

Question 28

Why would a patient have DC modalities lost in one side of body and ST loss in other side?

Answer 28

DC ispilateral - decussate at medulla ST contralateral - 2nd order neurones decussate at level of 1st order neurone

Question 29

Why would ST loss appear lower than DC?

Answer 29

ST has Lissauer's tract (axons can ascend 2 segments before synapsing on second order neurone)

Question 30

If somebody has increased movement on R side of body, which basal ganglia is injured?

Answer 30

L side - L basal ganglia regulates L motor cortex which controls R side of body

Question 31

Where does the CN III & CN VI nucleus sit?

Answer 31

CN III nucleus - Midbrain CN VI - Pons

Question 32

Where will the motor loss be after a L sided cord destruction?

Answer 32

R SIDED

Question 33

What maneuver can be used to help elicit a patella reflux?

Answer 33

Jendrassik Manoever (trying to pull fingers apart)

Question 34

What nuclei make up the striatum?

Answer 34

Caudate and Putamen

Question 35

What nuclei make up the lentiform nucleus?

Answer 35

Globus palldus and Putamen

Question 36

In which region of the brain is the substantia nigra?

Answer 36

Mid brain

Question 37

What specific part of the spinal cord is damaged if spinothalamic modalities are lost?

Answer 37

Anterior (Ventral) White commisure

Question 38

What does a +ve Rhomberg's test show?

Answer 38

Sensory ataxia

Question 39

Which tremor and rigidity do you get with Parkinsons?

Answer 39

Cog-wheel rigidity Resting tremor