Endocrinology

Question 1

Peptide precursor of MSH and ACTH?

Answer 1

POMC

Question 2

Which measurement is used to test if DM 1 patients haves topped producing insulin?

Answer 2

Plasma C-peptide level
(not effected by IM insulin)

Question 3

What is a consequence of central diabetes insipidus?

Answer 3

Hypernatraemia
(produces large quantities of dilute urine)

Question 4

Which GLUT transporter is the primary transporter in pancreatic B cells?

Answer 4

GLUT2

Question 5

What effect does a ^ in ATP have on K atp channels in B cells?

Answer 5

Less ATP-sensitive K channels open
(ATP closes these)

Question 6

Which surgical procedure is used to access the pituitary?

Answer 6

Transsphenoidal surgery

Question 7

What effect on insulin would a rise in intracellular ATP?

Answer 7

Insulin secretion would increase

Question 8

In which nucleus of the hypothalamus is ADH/oxytocin synthesised?

Answer 8

Paraventricular nucleus
(supraoptic & paraventricular nuclei)

Question 9

Define hormone

Answer 9

A chemical signal produced in endocrine glands/tissues that travel in the bloodstream to cause an effect on other tissues.

Question 10

Whats pituitary apoplexy?

Answer 10

Bleeding/impaired blood supply to the pituitary gland
(diplopia, hypopituitarism,)

Question 11

What class of hormone is insulin?

Answer 11

Water soluble hormone

Question 12

Which neurotransmitters are released from primary neurones to stimulate appetite?

Answer 12

NPY & AgRP (agouti-related peptide)

Question 13

What would the oral glucose tolerance say on patients with acromegaly?

Answer 13

GH wouldn’t drop

Question 14

What’s the embryological origin of the anterior pituitary lobe?

Answer 14

Arises from an upgrowth of ectodermal cells from the primitive pharynx

Question 15

2 most significant factors in the aetiology of metabolic syndrome?

Answer 15

Insulin resistance & Central obesity

Question 16

Metabolism of insulin order?

Answer 16

1. Pre-proinsulin cleaved
2. Proinsulin folding in ER
3. Transport to golgi
4. Packaged into vesicles
5. Removal of C-peptide

Question 17

What is the half life of insulin?

Answer 17

5 mins

Question 18

What class of hormone is cortisol?

Answer 18

Steroid hormone (synthesised from cholesterol)

Question 19

What class of hormone is T3 & T4?

Answer 19

Amine hormone (synthesised from tyrosine)

Question 20

A child shows poor development, constipation and muscle weakness after her mother had iodine deficiency during pregnancy. What is the diagnosis?

Answer 20

Cretinism (congenital hypothyroidism)

Question 21

What happens after a1 adrenergic receptors activate?

Answer 21

G protein coupled receptor
Increase in the conc of IP3

Question 22

How do parathyroid gland cells sense Ca plasma conc?

Answer 22

By G protein coupled receptors that are activated by calcium

Question 23

What proportion of T3/T4 is free?

Answer 23

1%

Question 24

What molecule transports T3/T4?

Answer 24

Thyroxine-binding globuin (TBG)

Question 25

What is the half life of T3 and T4?

Answer 25

T3 - 1 day T4 - 5 - 7 days

Question 26

What substance is secreted by parafollicular cells in the thyroid?

Answer 26

Calcitonin

Question 27

Where is calcitonin secreted from?

Answer 27

Thyroid gland

Question 28

What is the most common cause of secondary adrenal failure?

Answer 28

Hypopituitarism resulting in ACTH deficiency

Question 29

What would blood results show in a patient with cushing's syndrome from an adrenal tumour?

Answer 29

High cortisol Low ACTH (-ve feedback)

Question 30

How would you treat rapid corticosteroid withdrawl?

Answer 30

I.v. hydrocortisone (cortisol) and fluids

Question 31

Symptoms of addison's disease?

Answer 31

Fatigue Weakness Anoxeria Weight loss Nausea Abdo pain

Question 32

What class of hormone is TSH?

Answer 32

Glycoprotein hormone

Question 33

A patient has normal T3/T4 but undetectable TSH, what is her diagnosis?

Answer 33

Subclinical hyperthyroidism

Question 34

What is insulin's effect on phosphofructokinase in the liver?

Answer 34

Increased activity

Question 35

For how long can creatine phosphate be used to replenish ATP for maximal exertion?

Answer 35

5 seconds

Question 36

What shuffle transports fatty acids?

Answer 36

Carnitine shuffle

Question 37

Which hormones are produced by the hypothalamus?

Answer 37

3 Gs & CPT And Others GnRH (gonadotropin releasing hormone) GHRH (growth hormone releasing hormone) GHIH (growth hormone inhibiting hormone) CRH (corticotropin releasing hormone) PIH (Prolactin inhibiting hormone) TRH (thyroid releasing hormone) ADH (anti-diuretic hormone) OT (oxytocin)

Question 38

Which hormones are produced by the anterior pituitary?

Answer 38

Them (TSH) (thyroid stimulating hormone) Girls (GH) (growth hormone) Are (ACTH) (adrenocorticotropic hormone) Like (LH) (luteinising hormone) Pretty (PRL) (prolactin) Fat (FSH) (follicle stimulating hormone)

Question 39

Which drug is contraindicated in thyroid disease or can harm the thyroid gland?

Answer 39

Amiodarone (K+ channel blocker - class III) Drug contains iodine