Infection

Question 1

How is sepsis diagnosed?

Answer 1

Through obs and clinical features

Question 2

What is the name of the first intracellular vesicle inside a phagocyte containing the bacteria?

Answer 2

Phagosome

Question 3

What is an innate mechanism in the lower resp tract?

Answer 3

Bronchial cillia

Question 4

What part of Neisseria meningitidis is used for the vaccine?

Answer 4

The capsule

Question 5

What is the gram stain of Neisseria meningitidis?

Answer 5

Gram negative cocci

Question 6

What treatment for genital herpes?

Answer 6

Aciclovir

Question 7

How would you work out if the patient was on the correct dose?

Answer 7

Minimum inhibitory concentration

Question 8

What is the immune response to a virus?

Answer 8

Stimulates a TH1 response
activating CD8 t cells
stimulating their differentiation into cytoxic t lymphocytes

Question 9

Which immune cells present bacterial peptides via MHC class II molecules?

Answer 9

Dendritic cells

Question 10

What is the best defence to block E coli toxin?

Answer 10

Antibody response

Question 11

MRSA treatment?

Answer 11

I.v. vancomycin

Question 12

C.difficile treatment?

Answer 12

Oral metronidazole + stop previous abx

Question 13

In what cells does EBV lie dormant?

Answer 13

B lymphocytes

Question 14

Which cell would cause the high WCC in EBV?

Answer 14

T lymphocytes

Question 15

Which cell is responsible for controlling HIV infection?

Answer 15

HIV specific CD8+ T cell (VIRUS)

Question 16

What organisms are vulnerable to splenectomy patients?

Answer 16

Haemophillus influenzae
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Neisseria meningitidis
(encapsulated bacteria)

Question 17

Function of IgA? IgA deficiency presents as…

Answer 17

Found on mucosal surfaces (resp tract)
… Resp tract infections, sinusitis

Question 18

Which species is associated with severe malaria?

Answer 18

Plasmodium falciparum

Question 19

Lumbar puncture results with bacterial meningitis?

Answer 19

Low glucose
High WCC
Normal/high protein

Question 20

What type of antibiotic is clarithromycin?

Answer 20

Macrolide

Question 21

Where would a murmur be heard affecting the tri-cupsid valve endocarditis?

Answer 21

Systolic murmur in the left lower sternal border
(regurgitation as valves are less competent)

Question 22

What are HIV patients vulnerable to causing pneumonia?

Answer 22

Pneumocystis jiroveci

Question 23

What causes the low haemoglobin in malaria?

Answer 23

Merozoites (daughter parasites)

Question 24

What is an important virulence factor for E.coli causing a UTI?

Answer 24

Adhesions on fimbria

Question 25

Oseltamivir (tamiflu) MoA?

Answer 25

Blocks emergence of influenza virus from the infected cell

Question 26

What is an example of indirect transmission?

Answer 26

Mosquito acting as a VECTOR in malaria

Question 27

Define a 'hospital acquired infection'.

Answer 27

An infection acquired within 48 hrs of admission or 48 hrs post discharge of hospital care

Question 28

What's the stages of biofilm production?

Answer 28

1. Bacteria adopt a spore-like state (planktonic phase) due to limited nutrients available 2. Bacteria attach to a suitable surface, multiply and form an extracellular matrix 3. Bacteria now able to communicate with each other to send signals to each other and nutrients to diffuse to each other

Question 29

What is Quorum sensing?

Answer 29

Modulation in gene expression in response to cell population density

Question 30

What type of barrier to infection is coughing?

Answer 30

Physiological barrier

Question 31

What do phagocytes have to allow them to recognise microbes?

Answer 31

Pathogen recognition receptors (PPRs)

Question 32

What are the features of innate immunity?

Answer 32

- Physical barriers like the skin, cilia and mucous membranes - Physiological barriers like coughing, vomiting and diarrhoea - Chemical barriers like stomach acid - Biological barriers like the normal flora of the body

Question 33

What parts of the compliment system recruit phagocytes?

Answer 33

C3a and C5a

Question 34

What part of the microbe does the PRR recognise?

Answer 34

PAMP (pathogen-assocaited molecular pattern)

Question 35

Which cell plays a major role in allergic reactions?

Answer 35

Mast cells

Question 36

What could happen to a T cell that has been activated by MHC class II?

Answer 36

Activate neutrophils Increase eosinophil number Activate B cells Activate mast cells

Question 37

What is the function of Erythromycin?

Answer 37

Inhibits cell wall synthesis

Question 38

What does bacteriostatic mean?

Answer 38

Slows the growth and replication of bacteria but doesn't kill it

Question 39

What is the last antibody to appear when the body is clearing a Hepatitis B virus infection?

Answer 39

HbsAb

Question 40

What is the treatment regimen for HIV?

Answer 40

2 x Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors with 1 x Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors or 1x protease inhibitor

Question 41

What is CVID?

Answer 41

Common Variable Immunodeficiency disease (have B cells just cannot produce antibodies)