EoY2 Examplify formative

Question 1

What is the difference between T1 and T2 MRI?

Answer 1

T1 - fat is white (fat signal enhanced)
T2 - water is white (water signal enhanced)

Question 2

How does the normal ventricular septum form?

Answer 2

1. Muscular portion grows upwards from the floor of the ventricles.
2. Membranous portion grows downwards from from the endothelial cushions to fuse with the muscular portion

Question 3

Which part of the ventricular septum is the most vulnerable to anomalous development?

Answer 3

Membranous portion

Question 4

Name the L > R shunts

Answer 4

Atrial septal defect
Ventricular septal defect
Patent ductus arteriosus

Question 5

Would a L > R shunt cause cyanosis and why?

Answer 5

No because there is mixing of deoxygenated blood with the oxygenated blood circulating around the body

Question 6

What hormone can be used to indicate whether ovulation has occurred and why? What is the best time to test it?

Answer 6

Progesterone
The corpus luteum forms at ovulation and it secretes progesterone
21 days - mid luteal phase (peaks)

Question 7

Why is a delayed period heavier then normal?

Answer 7

Proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle is longer - so endothelial lining will be thicker as it has proliferated more

Question 8

What does RA look on an x-ray?

Answer 8

Loss of joint space
Erosions
Subluxation
Soft tissue (periarticular osteopenia)

Question 9

What are the 2 antibodies raised in RA?

Answer 9

Rheumatoid Factor
Anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (anti-CCP)

Question 10

Which nerve supplies sensation to the nose?

Answer 10

Maxllary division of trigeminal

Question 11

What are the signs associated with acute sinusitis?

Answer 11

Raised temp
Discoloured nasal discharge
Facial pain
Tenderness over the sinuses

Question 12

What intracranial complication could arise as a result of sinusitis and why?

Answer 12

Cavernous sinus thrombosis (anastomosis between venous drainage of nasal mucosa and the cavernous sinus allows infection

Question 13

What structures are vulnerable in a cavernous sinus thrombosis?

Answer 13

CN III, IV, Va, Vb
ICA

Question 14

Factors increasing intracranial haemorrhage after a fall?

Answer 14

Increased age - cenile atrophy
Head injury
Falling down stairs

Question 15

MoA of apixaban?

Answer 15

Selective factor inhibitor of Xa

Question 16

What name is given for healing phase of primary intention on day 3?

Answer 16

Regenerative phase

Question 17

Describe the regenerative phase?

Answer 17

1. Granulation tissue made up of fibroblasts and new capillaries invades the space
2. Epithelial cell proliferation thickens epidermal layer to push scab off
3. Activated fibroblasts produce collagen

Question 18

What are the cvs compensatory mechanisms in hypovolaemic shock?

Answer 18

Vasoconstriction
Tachycardia
Increased renin release
Increased contractillity

Question 19

Signs of acute limb ischaemia?

Answer 19

Perishing with cold
Paraesthesia
Pallor
Paralysis
Reduced capillary refill

Question 20

What would the effect of 3rd degree block on HR?

Answer 20

Bradycardia - AV node blocked so ventricles depolarise at their own rate which is slower

Question 21

What is the PR interval?

Answer 21

Immediately before the P wave to immediately before the Q wave

Question 22

What is the inverse care law?

Answer 22

The availability of good medical care tends to vary inversely with the need of the population

Question 23

Social determinants of health?

Answer 23

Social class
Age
Gender
Ethnicity
Disability
Homelessness
Deprivation

Question 24

Define health inequalties

Answer 24

Unfair or avoidable differences in life expectancy/morbidity between groups within the same country/population

Question 25

ADH MoA?

Answer 25

Increased aquaporins into apical membrane of DCT/CD

Question 26

Define wallerian degeneration

Answer 26

Nerve degeneration distal to the nerve injury

Question 27

How do nerves regenerate?

Answer 27

Axons sprout from the proximal part of the severed nerve, sprout enters the vacated neurilemma

Question 28

Sciatic nerve dermatome?

Answer 28

Lateral leg

Question 29

Which muscle does the sciatic nerve leave on top of and with what artery?

Answer 29

Piriformis Inferior gluteal artery

Question 30

What is the treatment of gonorrhoea?

Answer 30

Multiple abx Has developed resistance to mutiple abx

Question 31

What gram stain does gonnorhea show?

Answer 31

gram -ve diplococci Neisseria Gonorrhoeae

Question 32

Risk factors for STI?

Answer 32

Young age ^Sexual parners

Question 33

How to test for a STI?

Answer 33

High vaginal swab Endocervical swab Vaginal pH

Question 34

Long term treatment for COPD?

Answer 34

Flu vaccine Review of inhaler technique Pulmonary rehabilitation

Question 35

Exacerbation of COPD treatment?

Answer 35

Corticosteriods Abx Nebulised SABA O2 if less than 88%

Question 36

What metabolites can cause METABOLIC acidosis?

Answer 36

Acetoacetate Pyruvate Ketone bodies HCO3-

Question 37

What is the use of the lactate in the body?

Answer 37

Taken up in the liver, heart and kidney Then converted to pyruvate by LDH Pyruvate used as energy or precursor for gluconeogenesis in liver/kidney

Question 38

What causes the hand of bennediction?

Answer 38

FDS/FDP/lumbricals/ not supplied to lateral 3 fingers due to median nerve palsy