CNS 3 - Diencephalon, brainstem, cerebellum Flashcards
(173 cards)
1
Q
Cerebrum is mounted on top of which structure?
A
diencephalon
2
Q
diencephalon controls which NS?
A
ANS
3
Q
diencephalon is the ________ relay center
A
sensory and motor
4
Q
diencephalon relays info from _____ to _____
A
basal nuclei to overlying cortex
5
Q
what structure is below the diencephalon?
A
brainstem
6
Q
What are the three parts of the brainstem?
A
midbrain, pons, medella
7
Q
what is located behind the pons?
A
cerebellum
8
Q
what is the cerebellum do? (2 things)
A
coordinate movement and balance
9
Q
diencephalon is closely associated with which ventricle?
A
3rd ventricle
10
Q
What structure is located on the lateral wall of the 3rd ventricle?
A
the two thalamus
11
Q
Thalamus does what?
A
makes devision, protects cortex, gateway nucleus to overlying cortex
12
Q
which structure is considered the gateway nucleus?
A
thalamus
13
Q
Hypothalamus regulates which NS?
A
ANS
14
Q
Hypothalamus is responsible for maintaining balance between which NS?
A
para and sympa
15
Q
Originating ANS controlling nuclei is located where?
A
hypothalamus
16
Q
Hypothalamus is responsible for:
A
blood pressure, heart rate, digestive motility, respiratory rate, pupil size, fear, rage, pleasure, sexual orientation, temp regulation, appetite, water intake, thirst
17
Q
Which structure regulates thirst?
A
hypothalamus
18
Q
Which structure regulates the pineal gland?
A
hypothalamus
19
Q
Which sturcture has an internal clock?
A
hypothalamus
20
Q
Pineal gland reuglates what?
A
sleep, circadian rhythm, endocrine control
21
Q
what substance does the pineal gland release?
A
melatonin
22
Q
Neurons in the hypothalamus project into which sturcture?
A
posterior pituitary
23
Q
Which substances are released from the posterior pituitary? what are they classified as
A
oxytocin, vasopressin -? neurohormones
24
Q
Oxytocin is responsible for what?
A
uterine contractiosn and lactations
25
Vasopressin is responsible for what?
water retention and raises blood pressure
26
A lession in the hypothalamus causes what?
agression and sex-drive issues
27
Diencephalon is located under what structure?
corpus callosum
28
the two thalamus are connected by what?
interthalamic adhesion
29
Hypothalamus is located in which ventricle? which wall of this ventricle?
inferior wall of 3rd ventricle
30
hypothalmus leads to which gland?
posterior pituitary
31
Where is pineal gland locaated?
behind thalamus, back of corpus calosum
32
Diencephalon is ______ to basal nuclei
medial
33
What structures compose the diencephalon?
thalmus, hypothalmus, pineal gland, posterior pituitary
34
thalmus is divided into three diff functions?
memory, motor, sensations
35
The anterior and medial aspects of the thalamus are responsible for what function?
memory
36
Which part of the thalamus is responsible for memory?
anterior and medial aspects
37
Which structure links the mammillary bodies to the cingulate cortex?
thalamus
38
which structure do the mammillary bodies synapse in? Where dose this info go after?
thalamus, then goes to cingulate cortex
39
The medial aspect of the thalamus is responsible for what function?
motor
40
What part of the thalamus is responsible for the motor function?
medial aspect
41
The motor function of the thalamus does what?
determine balance between basal nuclei and cerebellar output to premotor cortex
42
Which structure determines the balance between the basal nuclei and the cerebellar output ot the premotor cortex?
Medial aspect of thalamus
43
The posterior aspect of the thalamus is responsible for which sensations?
vision and hearing
44
The lateral aspect of the thalamus is responsible for which sensations?
touch, pressure, proprioception, pain, and temperature
45
What does the medial geniculate nuclei do?
Is responsible for auditory input to thalamus
46
What does the lateral geniculate nuclei do?
is responsible for visual input to the thalamus
47
Which structure directs the thalamus’ selective attention?
Frontal cortex
48
When brainstem exits the ______ which structure is formed?
Foramen magnum; spinal cord
49
Which structure initiates ANS function?
Brainstem
50
Which structure regulates the balance btw Parasympathetic and sympathetic NS?
Hypothalamus
51
Which structure gives rise to the cranial nerves?
Brainstem
52
What do The cranial nerves do?
Receive sensations from head and neck and provide motor output to head and neck muscles
53
What structure runs through the midbrain?
Cerebral aqueduct
54
What are the three parts of the brainstem?
Midbrain, pons and medulla
55
Describe the specific location of the cranial nerves
4 above, 4 within and 4 below the pond
56
What do you call the axons leading to and from he cerebral cortex that are located on the front of the brainstem at the midbrain?
Cerebral peduncles
57
What do the cerebral peduncles hold up?
Cerebral cortex
58
What are cerebral peduncles
Axons leading to and from the cerebral cortex
59
Where are the cerebral peduncles located
Front of the brainstem
60
Where do the cerebral peduncles emerge from?
Pins
61
What do you call the fibres that cross from the L and R side of the pons
Cerebellar peduncles
62
Relay nuclei from cortex to cerebellum via which fibres?
Cerebellar peduncles
63
What do you call the big columns of white matter tracts that run down the medulla?
Corticospinal motor tracts
64
Corticospinal motor tracts carry info from _____ to _____
Brain to spinal cord
65
Which white matter tract contributes to the contra lateral nature of the brain?
Corticospinal motor tracts
66
Where do the corticospinal motor tracts cross over?
Junction between medulla and spinal cord
67
What do you call the crossing over of the corticospinal tract?
Pyramidal decussation
68
Where do the corticospinal tracts emerge from?
Pons
69
what is the function of the anterior thalamus
alertness and highlights importance
70
what is the purpose of the anterior cingulate?
reality check
71
lesion to the anterior cingulate causes what pathology?
schizophrenia
72
Posterior thalamus does what?
filter senses
73
Sensory perception goes into which part of the thalamus?
posterior thalamic nuclei
74
Diencephalon is supplied by which artery?
posterior and middle cerebral artery
75
Deep nuclei is supplied by which artery?
posterior and middle cerebral artery
76
What is thalamic syndrome?
all sensations are passed through the thalamus, NO FILTER
77
What type of paralysis occurs in thalamic syndrome?
contralateral
78
Thalamic syndrome does what to sensation?
loss of sensation on the contralateral body side
79
Where is the L&R superior colliculi located?
back of midbrain
80
Where is the L&R inferior colliculi located?
back of midbrain
81
Which structure is responsible for vision reflex relay?
superior colliculi
82
Which structure is responsible for auditory reflex relay?
inferior colliculi
83
What do you call the 4 bodies on the back of the midbrain?
corpora quadrigemina
84
Which structure supplies the cerebellum with visual input?
superior colliculi
85
Which structure supports the cerebellum?
cerebellar peduncles
86
superior cerebellar peduncle carries info from ____ to _____
cerebellum to brain
87
The middle cerebellar peduncle is composed of which fibres?
centripetal fibres
88
Inferior cerebellar peduncle carries info from ____ to _____
spinal cord to the cerebellum
89
The columns of axons on the back of the medulla are called?
somatosensory tracks
90
somatosensory tracts on the back of the medulla carry what info?
touch, pressure and proprioception
91
What do you call the 5th cranial nerve
trigeminal nerve
92
Which nerve is responsible for chewing?
trigeminal
93
Which nerve is responsible for mastication muscles?
trigeminal
94
What do you call nerve 0?
terminal nerve
95
Which two nerves lead to the olfactory tract?
terminal nerve and olfactory nerve
96
Which two nerves carry pheramones and smell to the cerebral cortex
terminal and olfactory nerve
97
Which nerve makes a decussation in front of the pituitary gland?
optic nerve
98
The optic nerve makes a decussation in front of which structure?
pituitary gland
99
Which nerve is in charge of AN function?
vagus nerve
100
Which structure is in charge of automatic arm swinging?
red nucleus of the brain stem
101
Which structure allows you to crawl?
red nucleus
102
Which structure on the brainstem has a good blood supply?
red nucleus
103
Which structure in the brainstem is sensitive to neurodegeneration?
substantia nigra
104
Which structure sprinkles _____ on the basal ganglia to allow info flow
dopamine; substantia nigra
105
Which structure in the brainstem maintains altertness?
reticular formation
106
Does smell go into the reticular formation?
NOPE
107
Which excitatory NT are released from Retricular formation?
achetylcholine and norepinephrine
108
What does the descending branch of the reticular formation do?
controls pain
109
The descending branch of the reticular formation releases what? give examples of the NT
release endogenous opioids; specific NT: endorphins and enkephalins
110
Cerebellum has two main functions, what are they?
coordinate motor movement and maintain balance
111
Does basal nuclei have sensory input?
NOPE
112
Which structure is in charge of movement when things are changing in space or time?
cerebellum
113
Basal nuclei makes planned motor movement based on what?
experience
114
Which structure does the cortex ask first to make a motor movement? Basal nuclei or cerebellum?
asked at the same time
115
A patient displays a loss of coordination, tremors, inability to walk and has slurred speech, where is the lesion?
cerebellum
116
Frontal cortex sends a message to the cerebellum via which two structures?
pons and cerebellar peduncles
117
which 3 info does the cerebellum recieve?
propreioception, vision, vestibular system
118
Which nerve supplies the cerebellum with info about balance?
8th cranial nerve
119
Vestibular system consists of which nerve?
8th cranial nerve
120
Which structure supplies the cerebellum with visual info?
superior colliculus
121
Info from cerebellum gets sent to which structure? and then goes to which structure?
thalamus then overlying cortex
122
Which part of the cerebellum calculates movement?
cerebellar cortex
123
what are the deep cerebellar nuclei?
denate gyrus and fastigial nucleus
124
What are teh three parts of the cerebellum
vestibulocerebellu, spinocerebellum, cerebrocerebellum
125
The lateral cerebellar hemisphere is divided by which central ridge?
vermis
126
the axial skeleton is coordinated by which part of the cerebellum?
medial portio of the cerebellum
127
the appendicular skeleton is coordinated by which part of the cerebellum?
lateral portion
128
the vestibulocerebellum does what?
coordinates balance of axial skeleton and controls eye movements
129
which part of the cerebellum extends underneath the cerebellar cortex and emerges at the bottom?
vestibulocerebellum
130
the spinocerebellum receieves alot of info from what?
spinal proprioceptors
131
limb coordination and muscle tone of the appendicular skeleton is controlled by which part of the cerebellum?
spinocerebellum
132
which part of the cerebellum is in charge of planned and learned action?
cerebrocerebellum
133
frontal cortex sends input to which part of the cerebellum
cerebrocerebellum
134
is proprioception info ipsilateral or contralateral?
ipsilateral
135
in axial motor pathways, where does the crossing occur?
at the pyramidal tract
136
IN the axial skeleton, info travels (crosses over) from _____ to ___
cerebellum to motor cortex
137
Explain the appendicular skeleton movement pathway
precentral gyrus -> internal capsule -> cerebral peduncles -> pons -> croses over via corticospinal tract -> ipsilateral cerebellum ->dentate nucleus of cerebellum -> crosses over via superiror cerebrellar peduncle -> red nucleus of brainstem -> thalamus -> contralateral cortex ->brainstem ->suscles contract
138
where does the axon first synapse in the movement pathway for the appendicular skeleton?
pons
139
where is the internal capsule located?
btw the thalamus and basal nuclei
140
ipsilateral or contralateraL? cerebellum-body
ipsilateral
141
ipsilateral or contralateraL? cerebellum-brain
contralateral
142
ipsilateral or contralateraL? brain-body
contralateral
143
Axial skeleton movement occurs in which part of cerebellum
medial part, specifically vermis
144
cerebellum is susceptible to what substance?
organic solvents
145
medial cerebellum ataxia affects what?
balance
146
lateral cerebellum ataxia causes what?
intention tremor
147
intention tremor affects which part of the cerebellum
lateral cerbellum, specifically the spinocerbellum and the cerebrocerebellum
148
A person with intention tremor cant control their ___ or _____
trajectory or endpoint
149
Intent tremor is ipsilateral or contralateral to cerbellar hemisphere affected?
ipsilateral
150
is cerebllum circuity ipsilateral or contralateral?
ipsilateral
151
a lesion above the decussation of the superior cerebellar peduncle -> contralateral or ipsilateral motor deficits?
contralateral
152
a lesion below the decussation of the superior cerebellar peduncle -> contralateral or ipsilateral motor deficits?
ipsilateral
153
How many inputs does a cerebellum need to make a motor plan?
2 out of 3
154
What test do physiotherapists use when a patient displays intense swaying?
romberg test
155
If sway increases in a romberg test what can be concluded?
problem with vestibular or propreoception input
156
If sway stays the same in a romberg test what can be concluded?
problem with cerebellum itself
157
what structure has degenerated in parkinsons disease?
substantia nigra
158
Parkinson disease involves which symptoms?
tremor
159
What pathology involves trouble starting and stopping a motor movement?
parkinsons disease
160
optic nerve projects where
visual cortex via thalamus and superior colliculus
161
what does the terminal nerve do? is it sensory, motor, both? What number?
phermones, sensory, 0
162
what does the olfactory nerve do? is it sensory, motor, both?What number?
smell, sensory, 1
163
what does the optic nerve do? is it sensory, motor, both?What number?
vision, sensory, 2
164
what does the oculomotor nerve do? is it sensory, motor, both?What number?
eye muscle, motor, 3
165
what does the trochlear nerve do? is it sensory, motor, both?What number?
eye muscle, motor, 4
166
what does the trigeminal nerve do? is it sensory, motor, both? What number?
chewing muscles; face, neck, meninges sensations, both, 5
167
what does the abducens nerve do? is it sensory, motor, both? What number?
eye muscle, motor, 6
168
what does the facial nerve do? is it sensory, motor, both? What number?
taste + muscles for facial expression, both, 7
169
what does the vestibulocochlear nerve do? is it sensory, motor, both? What number?
balance+ hearing, sensory, 8
170
what does the glossophayrngeal nerve do? is it sensory, motor, both? What number?
muscles for swallowing + taste, both, 9
171
what does the vagus nerve do? is it sensory, motor, both? What number?
controls AN function to internal organs, both, 10
172
what does the accesory nerve do? is it sensory, motor, both? What number?
muscles for head movements, motor, 11
173
what does the hypoglossal nerve do? is it sensory, motor, both? What number?
tongue muscles, motor,12
