Tissue and Integument Flashcards
(135 cards)
1
Q
What are the four types of tissues
A
epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous
2
Q
Epithelial tissues are classified according to:
A
shape and number of cell layers
3
Q
What are the two types of # of cell layers
A
simple and stratified
4
Q
what are the three types of shapes of epithelial tissue cells
A
squamous, cuboidal, columnar
5
Q
Squamous cells are good for …
A
rapid diggusion
6
Q
cuboidal cells are good for …
A
secretion/absorption
7
Q
columnar cells are good for …
A
secretion/absorption
8
Q
Pseudostratified cells are
A
single layer of cells that looks like several bc nuclei at diff levels
9
Q
what is the surface of cell layer that faces the outside environment called?
A
apical surface
10
Q
what is the surface of cell layer that faces the internal body called?
A
basal surface
11
Q
Epithelial is _________ bc it _______ blood vessels
A
avascular; lacks blood vessels
12
Q
Epithelial tissue gets its nutrients via _______-
A
diffusion
13
Q
Simple cuboidal can be found in …
A
kidney tubulues
14
Q
stratified squamous can be found in …
A
mucous membrane of vagina
15
Q
simple columnar can be found in …
A
small intestine
16
Q
pseudostratified have all cells touching the _______ _____
A
basement membrane
17
Q
What is the most abundant tissue by weight in the body?
A
connective tissue
18
Q
What are the 5 classes of connective tissue?
A
loose, dense, cartilage, bone, blood
19
Q
White blood cells are ___ tissue
A
connective tissue
20
Q
Connective tissue is ______ bc it has _____ of blood vessels
A
vascularized; lots of BV
21
Q
which tissue serves the purpose of infection
A
connective tissue
22
Q
Define loose connective tissue
A
fibers loosely arranged btw cells
23
Q
define dense connective tissue
A
lots of fiber, cells surrounded by collagen, low blood supply
24
Q
which connective tissue class has low blood supply?
A
dense connective tissue
25
Example of cartilage?
chondrocyte
26
Example of bone?
oxytocytes
27
example of blood
erythrocytes
28
what type of tissue is bone?
connective tissue
29
What type of ground substance does cartilage have?
gelatinous
30
What type of ground substance does bone have?
cartilage
31
What type of ground substance does blood have?
fluid
32
define connective tissue
a group of cells surrounded by an extra cellular matrix
33
define extra cellular matrix
ground substance and fibers
34
What are the two componenets that make up the diff classes of connective tissue?
amount of fiber types and cell types produced
35
What is the integumentary system composed of?
skin, accessory organs, nails, hair, glands
36
What is the cutaenous membrane?
dermis and epidermis
37
Where is the cutaneous membrane located?
on top of adipocyte layer
38
Layer of adipocytes is called ________ or ________
hypodermis or subcutaneous layer
39
what is the subcutaneous layer
layer of adipocytes
40
what is the hypodermis layer?
layer of adipocytes
41
What type of tissue is the epidermis?
epithelial tissue
42
What is the dermis tissue?
connective tissue
43
What are the 6 functions of the skin?
thermo regulation, blood reservoir, protection from environment, cutaneous sensations, excretion/absorption, synthesis of vitamin D
44
what are the ABCDEs of melignant melanomas?
asymmetrical, borders uneven, two or more colours, diameter larger than 6 mm, elevated/evolving
45
The dermis contains what?
collagen and elastic fibers that are secreted by fibroblasts
46
Do elastic fibers or collagen provide support?
elastic fibers
47
when skin is blue this indicates what?
hypoexemia, deoxygenated bloo
48
when skin is yellow this indicates what?
liver dysfunction , biliruben from red blood cells is building up
49
when skin is red this indicates what?
increased blood flow bc of BV dilation
50
What causes red skin?
heat, infection, inflammation, alergic reaction
51
When skin is white what does this indicate?
shock, anemia, peripheral vasoconstriction
52
anemia makes the skin what colour?
white
53
blue skin is called
cyanotic
54
yellow skin is called
jaundiced
55
red skin is caleld
erythema
56
white skin is called
pallor
57
Superficial horizontal flexus directs _____ to _____-
blood to epidermis
58
Suderiferous glands are also called
sweat glands
59
suderiferous glands help when temp is too ___
hot
60
superficial horizontal flexus does what?
dilates BV and directs blood to dermis when too hot
61
deep horziontal flexus does what?
conserves heat by directing blood deeper
62
temp regulation by sweat productions relies on ____ & _____
conductions and convection
63
Cutaneous sensations convey external sensations to _____-
spinal cord
64
which are the external sensations of cutaneous sensations
pain, temp, touch, pressure
65
What waste products are excreted with sweat?
ammonia and urea
66
Lipids can penetrate which layer?
keratin layer
67
skin absorbs what?
lipid soluble, gases, organic solvents
68
Three types of protection from environment by skin are?
chemical, physicals, and biological
69
Two examples of chemical protection from environment by skin?
oily secretions contain defensins and low pH = retard microbe growth
Melanin protects stem cells from UV rays
70
whats another name for sebum
oily secretions
71
Physical protection from environment is designed to w/stand _____
abrasian
72
Skin is ______, therefore no _____ for _____
continous, therefore no space for pathogens
73
Which protein is good at resisting tears?
keratin
74
Which cells found in the epidermis are responsible for immune surveillance?
intraepidermal macrophages
75
Which cells activate langerhan cells
intraepidermal macrophages
76
Which ion is needed for neurons and muscles to function properly?
Calcium
77
vitamin D does what?
allows calcium to cross GI tract and tells kidney to not pee it out
78
Skin contributes to the synthesis of what? correspondingly contributing to the homeostasis of what?
vitamin -D, and calcium homeostasis
79
To make active vitamine D what happens to precursor vitamin D?
precurous travels acrros skin via blood stream, exposed to light and heat of sun, then travels through liver and kidney
80
four steps of deep wounds?
inflames, migratory, proliferate, mature
81
what is the most abundant cell type in the epidermis?
keratinocytes
82
Keratin protects against what?
heat, abrasian, microbes, chemicals
83
What are the four cell types in the epidermis?
keratinocytes, langerhans cell, melanocyte, merkel cells
84
langerhans cells are in which layer?
stratum spinosum
85
Langerhans cells are responsible for what?
survey for bacteria
86
Melanocytes sit in which layer?
stratum basale
87
which layer is melanin projects to?
stratum spinosum
88
melanocyte finger processes project into which layer?
stratum spinosum
89
What do merkel cells do?
detect touch sensations
90
which layer are merkel cells in?
stratum basale
91
What are the five layers of epidermis?
stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum basale
92
whats another name for stratum basale?
germinativum
93
whats another name for stratum corneum?
horny
94
whats another name for stratum lucidum?
clear
95
whats another name for stratum granulosum
granular
96
whats another name for stratum spinosum
spiny
97
epidermal wound involves which steps
division of stratum basal cells, migration across wound, epidermal thickening
98
which layer contains lots of mature keratin?
stratum corneum
99
Which layer is composed completely of dead cells
stratum corneum
100
which layer has 20-30 cells
stratum corneum
101
which layer has no organells
stratum corneum
102
which layer is present only in thick skin?
stratum lucidum
103
why does stratum lucidum appear clear on histology?
bc lots of fat vesicles
104
where can you find thick skin?
palm and soles of feet
105
stratum granulosum has how many layers
3-5
106
what is the transition zone in the epidermal layers
stratum granulosum
107
Which layer contains keratohyalin
stratum granulosum
108
what are keratohyalin?
keratin filaments that are starting to make connections but are not mature
109
where can I find lamellar granules?
stratum granulosum
110
what are lamellar granules?
membrane coating granules
111
what is the thickest layer of the epidermis?
stratum spinosum
112
Which layer is abundant with keratinocytes?
stratum spinosum
113
How are cells joined in the stratum spinosum layer?
by desmosomes
114
New cells are produced in which layer?
stratum basale
115
Skin tone is the expression of which 3 pigments?
melanin, carotene, hemoglobin
116
What gives rise to fingerprints?
epidermal ridges
117
what increases the SA of epidermis?
epidermal ridges
118
Epidermial ridges serve what purpose?
keeps the epidermis form pulling away from dermis layer
119
Epidermal ridges are composed of ______ and _____
epidermal pegs and dermal papilla
120
What are the four types of skin glands?
sebaceous, aprocrine, eccrine, ceruminous
121
what does ceruminous produce
waxy substances
122
Eccrine is controlled by which NS?
ANS
123
where can apocrine be found?
pubes, armpit, facial hair
124
sebaceous produces what
oils
125
sebaceous is attached to what
hair follicles
126
whats the diff between grey hair and shiny hair?
grey hair is no melanin, shiny hair is no melanin with air bubbles
127
increased UV exposure leads to what
increased melanin synthesis
128
do kayne have more melanocytes than taylor
no, same # of melanocytes but diff amounts of melanin
129
how does hair get its colour
melanocytes insert melanin into keratinocytes
130
What are four melanocyte alterations?
albinism, vitiligo, freckles/moles, melanoma
131
What is melanoma
malignant form of cancer
132
What are freckles/moles
aggregation of melanin/melanocytes
133
what is vitiligo
loss of pigment in patches bc immune system thinks melanocytes are foreign
134
what is albinism
no melanin produced
135
Carotene is what type of vitamin?
vitamin a
