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Neurotransmission Flashcards

(108 cards)

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1
Q

Define neurotransmission:

A

transmission of nerve impulses across a synapse

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2
Q

Define neuroconduction:

A

movement of nerve impulses down neurons; also called propogation of nerve impulses

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3
Q

What is the term of an axon meeting a dendrite

A

axodendritic synapse

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4
Q

What is the term of an axon meeting a soma

A

axosomatic synapse

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5
Q

What is the term of an axon meeting a axon hillock

A

axoaxonic synapse

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6
Q

In axons, where is the wave of depol iniated?

A

axon hilock

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7
Q

Define axon hillock

A

a smol area in cell where axon meets soma, this area is the most sensitive to electrical stimulation

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8
Q

Which area is the most sensitive to electrical stimulation?

A

axon hillock

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9
Q

Only a short section of axon is _____ at any one time, but AP still moves alon axon

A

depolarizing

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10
Q

Why doesnt reverse conduction occur?

A

area behind depol membrane is in refractory period

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11
Q

What are the three reasons for refractory period?

A

asures transmission is one way, APs are separate events, and allows cells to recover to the resting state

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12
Q

How is AP transmission ensured to be one way

A

K+ channels open behind signal so it can only go one way bc of open voltage gates

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13
Q

Why do AP need to be separate events

A

so coding of message is possible

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14
Q

What contributes to strength of stimulus

A

AP frequency and NOT amplitude bc all APs are the same

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15
Q

what would happen to neurons in terms of recovery if refractory period was removed?

A

neurons might run down due to loss of ions/energy shortages due to large use of energy to shift ions back to re-establish RMP

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16
Q

Does wave of depol always occur?

A

nope, could be saltatory conduction

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17
Q

where does wave of depol occur?

A

unmyelinated neurons

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18
Q

in saltatory conduction, AP jumps btw what?

A

node de ranvier

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19
Q

Does more square meter of axon have to depol in salt conduction or wave of depol?

A

wave of depol

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20
Q

Mylein speeds up process how?

A

only a short section of axon has to depol

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21
Q

Mylinated speed vs unmyelinated?

A

150ms vs 50 ms

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22
Q

What is myelin

A

fatty insulation for neurons

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23
Q

What is an alternative to myelin that speeds up AP?

A

thick axons sped up process bc less resistance to current flow (i.e. ion movement) with a larger membrane

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24
Q

Myelinated axons are used for what?

A

skeletal muscle and SOMATIC pain

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25
what is a somatic pain
sharp and quick
26
what happens in demyelinated disease
message is unpredicrable, cant control muscle, dont get normal sensory msg
27
What is the patholgy of unmyelinated disease?
als
28
Depole of one node means the node behind it is in which period?
refractatory period
29
What are the two ways of communicating btw neurons?
electrical and chemical synapse
30
Define electrical synapse
The electrical signal is transmitted across synapse by inducing ionic movement in adjact cell, thus allowing neurotransmission ; voltage change in one cell causes voltage change in adjacent cell
31
Where can you find electrical synapses?
myocardium and uterus
32
Why are electrical synapses useful?
allows cells to stay synchronized
33
what muscle uses electrical synapse?
smooth muscle, i.e GI tract, heart, uterus, bronchioles
34
What are gap junctions?
a hole btw 2 adjacent cells allowing electrical synapse
35
What flows through gap junction?
anything can flow through!
36
What flows through gap junction and causes depolarization?
ions flow through causing depol in postsynaptic membrane
37
What channels are present at axon terminal?
voltage-sensitive CA channels
38
What does CA influx stimulate?
vesicles containing NT to fuse with presynaptic membrane and release contents into synaptic cleft via exocytosis
39
How do NT travel across synapse?
down concentration gradient
40
NT-receptor is bound to what channel?
ligand gated sodium channel
41
When does sodium channel close in respect to NT?
when NT broken down by enzymes and taken back to presynaptic neuron
42
_______ _____ can occur from one or more neurons
temporal summation
43
define post synaptic potential
the voltage change (all the graded potentials) occuring in post synapse
44
EPSP involves which channel opening? Causes what to voltage?
sodium channels open, voltage increases, cell is brough closer to threshold
45
IPSP involves which channel opening? Causes what to voltage?
voltage decreases, potassium channels open, brings cell further from threshold
46
Define NT
a substance that transmits signals across the synapse
47
Where can NT be released from?
presynaptic and postsynaptic membrane
48
What do NT do?
change membrane voltage (i.e. generate IPSP or EPSP_ ) and or can alter cell function
49
What do all biogenic amines contain?
the amino functional gorup R-NH2
50
What are the four types of biogenic amines
acetylcholine, catecholamine, serotonin,histamine
51
Amino acids are found where?
only in CNS
52
Acetylcholine is found where?
at all ANS ganglia and neuromuscular junctions
53
What does AcH do?
stimulates striated muscle to move
54
Which muscle type does ACH innervate?
striated muscle
55
which biogenic amine isnt always considered a biogenic amine?
ach
56
Catecholamines are defined by what?
catchol and amino group
57
What are three catecholamines?
dopamine, NR and E
58
NE is released into ___ and released at ___ from ______
released into blood from adrenals and released at synapses
59
Epinephrine is part of which NS?
sympathetic
60
Epinephrine is a pre or post ganglionic NT?
post!
61
Serotonin is associated with what?
sleep, dreaming, nausea, vomitting, affective tone (mood)
62
low aaffective tone?
depressed
63
High affective tone?
wound up
64
LSD occupied which receptors and causes what?
occupies serotononin receptor and causes hallucinogens
65
Histamine is important to which NS?
CNS
66
which biogenic amine is associated with allergic response?
histamine
67
What are the four amino acids?
glutamine asparate GABA and glycine
68
which amino acids are excitatory
glutamate, asparate
69
Which amino acids are inhibitory?
gaba and glycine
70
Give three examples of peptides
substance P, oxytocin, enkephalins
71
What does substance P do?
pain NT
72
what does oxytocin do?
stimulate uterine contraction and milk expression
73
What does enkephalins do?
pain control NT that acts on opiate receptors
74
What is the catcholamine synthesis
tyrsosine -> L-dopa -> dopamine -> NE -> E
75
Oxygen enters at which step in catecohaline synthesis?
tyrosine -> L-dopa
76
CO2 enters at which step in catecohaline synthesis?
L-dopa -> dopamine
77
Which substance interferse with enxyme that leads to L-dopa synthesis?
alpha-methyltyrosine
78
What does alpha methyltyrosine do?
interferse with enxyme that leads to L-dopa synthesis; therefore no DOP, NE, E
79
How does alpha methyltyrosine impact NS?
no sympathetic actions
80
What are the symptoms of alpha methyltyrosine?
high blood pressure, high heart rate, i.e. frightened
81
What do you give parkinsons patients?
L-dopa to help enhance dopamine production
82
Substantia nigra is malfunctioning, what substance do you give them?
L-dopa
83
Too much L-dopa causes what?
manic; too much NE and E
84
How are NT removed?
inactivation and reuptake
85
What enzyme inactivates epinephrine, NE, and dop?
MAO (monoamine oxidase)
86
What does mao do to E?
converts it to aldehyde
87
If you hold the mao what happens?
NE and E dont break down, theyre symp dominant, so less depression
88
Which NT are sympathetically dominant?
NE and E
89
What is the dominant NT removal method?
reuptake , especially for catecholamines
90
Reuptake is what type of transport?
active transport
91
SSRIS stands for what?
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
92
Example of SSRIS?
fluoxetine
93
What can be used as an anti depressant?
fluoxetine, bc inhibits reuptake of serotinin, and increased serotinin leads to increased affective tone
94
Fluoxetine is also called?
prozac
95
Example of norepinephrine reuptake inhbitors?
buproprion blocks reuptake of NE and E
96
wellbutrin blocks reuptake of what?
NE and E
97
buproprion blocks reuptake of what
Ne and E
98
fluozetine blocks reuptake of what
serotinin
99
prozac blocks reuptake of what
serotinin
100
cocain blocks reuptake of what
NE and E; therefore causing manic feeling due to high sympathetic levels
101
Cocain gives you what feeling?
flight, fright, fight
102
Tranycylpromine blocks reuptake of what
NE
103
Tranycylpromine is considered a ______ ____
tricyclic antidepressant
104
Which substances block reuptake of NE and E?
buproprion, wellbutrin, cocain, tranycylpromine (only NE)
105
Nerve gases do what?
inhibit breakdown of ACH
106
what symptoms do nerve gases cause?
continous Ach stimulaition, muscle fatigue, death
107
Antidote for nerve hases?
block ach receptor with atropine
108
What is tetrodotoxin?
sodium channel blocker

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