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Coding 13 Flashcards

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1
Q

Where does the egg in a chick undergo its first cleavage?

A

While it is in the hen

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2
Q

Where is the chick fertilized before the albumin and the shell are secreted to cover it?

A

The oviduct

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3
Q

What is the blastodisc?

A

A small disc of yolk free cytoplasm that sits on top of a large mass of yolky cytoplasm

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4
Q

When does MZT happen?

A

128 cell stage

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5
Q

In chicks what are the 3 steps of gastrulation?

A
  1. Formation of the lower hypoblast and the upper epiblast
  2. The epiblast makes the primary body structure, head, and neck
  3. Secondary body formation from the lower abdomen and tail
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6
Q

What is the koller’s sickle?

A

The posterior end of the area pellucida where the cells thicken and make the anterior-posterior region

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7
Q

What is the hypoblast?

A

The cells that lead the gut formation and the yolk sac

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8
Q

What part of the egg undergoes cleavage?

A

The blastodisc in the animal pole

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9
Q

What is the epiblast?

A

Cells that make the germ layer and the extraembryonic membrane

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10
Q

What is the posterior marginal zone?

A

A beltlike region between the area opaca and the koller’s sickle

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11
Q

How is the blastocoel cavity made?

A

By the epiblast and the hypoblast joining at the PMZ

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12
Q

How is the primitive streak made?

A

The clockwise and counterclockwise motion of thousands of epiblast cells

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13
Q

What is the primitive groove?

A

Cells that converge at the primitive streak and form a depression

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14
Q

What is the hensen’s node?

A

The anterior end of the primitive streak

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15
Q

How does the primitive streak play a role in body axes?

A

When cells ingress through the streak somite formation occurs

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16
Q

What is the PMZ analogous to?

A

The nieukwoop centre

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17
Q

How is PMZ similar to NC?

A

It secretes Vg1 (nodal protein) and it is localized to the side due to BMP4 inhibition and nodal proteins are needed for primitive streak formation

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18
Q

What happens once the primitive streak has completed its formation?

A

It secretes cerebrus to repress its own nodal proteins and formation

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19
Q

When is germ layer identity established?

A

Before gastrulation

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20
Q

What do the first cells that ingress through the hensen’s node make?

A

Pharyngeal endoderm

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21
Q

What do the second cells that ingress through the hensen’s node make?

A

Presumptive foregut endodermal cells

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22
Q

What do the third cells that ingress through the hensen’s node make?

A

Choramesoderm cells

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23
Q

What is the mammalian oocyte wrapped in?

A

Cumulus cells

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24
Q

What takes the oocyte from the ovary to the oviduct?

A

Fimbirae

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25
Where does fertilization occur?
Near the ovary in the ampulla
26
What does the first cleavage depend on?
The location of sperm entry
27
What is compaction?
When adhering proteins such as E-cadherins are expressed and the blatomeres cluster into a ball
28
When does compaction occur?
In the third cleavage
29
At the 16-cell stage there is a division into internal and external cells that form?
The internal makes the ICM The external makes the trophoblast
30
What are the inner cell mass cells?
Pluripotent embryonic cells
31
What are the trophoblast cells?
Totipotent cells that can make any embyronic structure
32
What do trophoblast cells do in humans?
Make hormones by embedding in the uterus to prevent fetus rejection
33
Do mammals receive nutrients from their yolk sac?
No from the mother through the placenta
34
How is the placenta made?
When the trophoblast cells bind to the mesoderm to make a capillary-rich chorion structure
35
The ICM makes the epiblast which makes what?
Amnion, allantois and the embyro
36
The ICM makes the primitve endoderm which makes what?
Yolk sac
37
What makes up the bilaminar germ disc?
The primitive endoderm and the epiblast
38
What makes the amnion with amniotic fluid?
Epiblast cells
39
How does the epiblast cells make the endoderm and the mesoderm?
Through EMT
40
What is the node?
A thickened bulb of cells at the anterior of the primitive streak that makes the mesoderm and the notochord
41
Between the trophoblast and the epiblast what structure is initiated?
The primitive streak
42
What is the NC equivalent in zebrafish?
Yolk syncitial layer
43
Where does the B-catenin build up?
Yolk synchitial layer
44
What is the zebrafish organizer?
Embryonic shield
45
What does the nuclear B catenin accumulation lead to?
The activation of BMP and WNT inhibitors
46
What is chordino?
BMP inhibitor activated by B catenin -> Nodal
47
What is goosecoid?
BMP and WNT inhibitor
48
What is noggin?
BMP inhibitor
49
What is dickkopf?
Wnt inhibitor
50
What is siamois?
A protein produced in the dorsal lip (and not secreted) that turn on goosecoid, which help specify dorsal mesoderm development VegT and Vg1 turn on Xnr, which diffuses up and induces mesoderm
51
What is the avian organizer?
Hensen's node
52
What is the purpose of floped, filia, and TLE6 what happens if they are preturbed?
Asymmetric cell division during cleavage
53
Where are the cilia relative to the node?
The ventral surface of the node
54
What is situs inversus?
Reverse left-right asymmetry
55
What is kartagener syndrome?
- Situs inversus - Male sterility - Constant bronchitis
56
What is the role of nodal in the left-right asymmetry generation?
Nodal is expressed in the left and it flows - It inhibits WNT and BMP - It activates Ptx2 - The morphogen gradient leads to the activation of the immotile cilia at the end - Cellular responses occur due to the gradient
57
What is a homeobox?
It is is a gene
58
What is a homeodomain?
It is a DNA binding domain for a transcription factor
59
What do hox genes determine?
The anterior-posterior region
60
Do paralogs have an identical amino acid sequence?
No they are similar
61
What is colinearity?
When the genes expressed correspond to the order of the segments
62
What is posterior prevalence?
When the posterior function of the posterior Hox genes overwhelm the anterior hox genes
63
What do the most anterior hox genes make?
The hindbrain, base of the skull, occipital, and the ears
64
How do you mis-express a hox gene?
Conducting a transplant and add a transgene containing the gene of interest
65
What is the difference between mouse and chicken segments?
The chicken segments are shifted 7 somites over
66
What does it mean by redundant genes?
You do not need all of the genes in order to see the phenotype what you need is only one paralog
67
What is misexpression?
It is not that it does not form rather it is converted into something else
68
What is a Hox LOF do?
Anterior forms in the posterior
69
What is a Hox GOF do?
Posterior regions form in the anterior
70
If you mutate the Hox1 family what happens?
Facial abnormalities
71
How does the blastocoel cavity form?
The epiblast and hypoblast join at the marginal zone
72
What is equivalent to the posterior marginal zone?
The nieukwoop center
73
For the cells that ingress through Hensen's node first what does that make?
Pharyngeal endoderm
74
For the cells that ingress through Hensen's node second what does that make?
The forebrain
75
What causes left-right asymmetry?
The flow of the nodal from right to left because of the motile cilia
76
What makes the neural plate?
Ectoderm
77
What makes the neural crest cells?
Ectoderm

Coding Terms (17 decks)

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