Coding 15

Question 1

What makes the neural plate?

Answer 1

Ectoderm

Question 2

What induces the presumptive neural tissue induction?

Answer 2

Prechordal plate and notochord

Question 3

What will the ectoderm also make?

Answer 3

Epidermis

Question 4

Where are the presumptive neural crest cells situated?

Answer 4

Between the epidermis and the CNS

Question 5

What do the NSC make?

Answer 5

Melanocytes and PNS

Question 6

What forms with high BMP?

Answer 6

Epidermis

Question 7

What forms with low BMP?

Answer 7

Neural plate

Question 8

What forms with intermediate BMP?

Answer 8

NSC formation

Question 9

What is primary neurulation?

Answer 9

Cells surround the neural plate and proliferate to separate from the ectoderm and make a hollow tube

Question 10

What does sox1 induce?

Answer 10

Activates genes for the neural plate

Question 11

What does sox2 induce?

Answer 11

Inhibits the formation of epidermis and NSC

Question 12

What is secondary neurulation?

Answer 12

Neural tube forms from the mesenchyme cells

Question 13

What is the transition zone?

Answer 13

Where the anterior and posterior parts of the neural tube join together

Question 14

How does the neural tube detatch from the surface ectoderm?

Answer 14

By the loss of E-cadherin expression and the transition to the expression of N-cadherin

Question 15

When does the neural tube fuse?

Answer 15

Day 27

Question 16

Which ectoderm cells express the sox2 gene?

Answer 16

The ectoderm cells that will form the posterior neural tube

Question 17

What are the 3 vesicles that the anterior neural tube will make?

Answer 17

1. Forebrain
2. Midbrain
3. Hindbrain

Question 18

What are rhombomeres?

Answer 18

The hindbrain develop swelling segment patterns that divide into many components

Question 19

What do the rhombomeres make?

Answer 19

Neurons with different cell fate the neural crest cells form ganglia which can then form different types of nerves

Question 20

Which neurons are sensory?

Answer 20

The neurons of the dorsal region

Question 21

Which neurons are motor?

Answer 21

The neurons of the ventral region

Question 22

What does SHH make?

Answer 22

SHH makes the floor plate of the neural tube

Question 23

What secretes SHH?

Answer 23

Floor plate cells to make the ventral neural tube

Question 24

What does high SHH lead to?

Answer 24

The production of motor neurons

Question 25

What determines dorsal fate?

Answer 25

BMP4

Question 26

What happens if a notochord fragment is removed from an embryo?

Answer 26

The adjacent neural tube will NOT have a floor plate

Question 27

What happens if notochord fragments are replaced with SHH secreting cells OR from one embryo to the host is inserted?

Answer 27

A second floorplate and second set of motor neurons will form

Question 28

What level of BMP does the neural plate have?

Answer 28

Low

Question 29

What level of BMP does the neural crest cell have?

Answer 29

Intermediate

Question 30

What level of BMP does the ectoderm/epidermis have?

Answer 30

High

Question 31

How does the BMP level end up high above the neural tube?

Answer 31

Due to the lateral-medial movement

Question 32

What is a neural crest cell?

Answer 32

These are cells that form along the entire neural tube (so it is ectoderm) and it starts in the dorsal region

Question 33

How do the neural crest cells migrate?

Answer 33

Repulsion from Eph (receptor) on the posterior scleretome and the neural crest cell surface has the ephrin ligand

Question 34

What do Foxd3/slug/snail do for neural crest cells?

Answer 34

They repress E-cadherin and lead to EMT

Question 35

What is chemotaxis?

Answer 35

When the neural crest cells migrate by attraction

Question 36

What is a placode?

Answer 36

A thick surface of ectoderm

Question 37

What does high BMP make?

Answer 37

Epidermis

Question 38

What does intermediate BMP make?

Answer 38

Neural crest cells

Question 39

What does low BMP make?

Answer 39

Neural plate

Question 40

What does sox2 inhibit?

Answer 40

Epidermis

Question 41

What does the primary neurulation make?

Answer 41

Anterior neural tube

Question 42

What does secondary neurulation make?

Answer 42

Posterior neural tube

Question 43

What is the transition zone?

Answer 43

Where the anteiror and posterior join

Question 44

When does the anterior neuropore close?

Answer 44

Day 24

Question 45

What does the posterior neuropore close?

Answer 45

Day 27

Question 46

What are rhombomeres?

Answer 46

These are segments that are made from the rhombencephalon that encode for neurons

Question 47

Where is BMP the highest?

Answer 47

Surface ectoderm

Question 48

Where is SHH the highest?

Answer 48

Floor plate

Question 49

What does the high BMP form?

Answer 49

Dorsal structures

Question 50

What does the high SHH form?

Answer 50

Ventral structure

Question 51

What forms at the sweet spot between SHH and BMP?

Answer 51

Motor neurons