cognition and development -selmans level of perspective taking

Question 1

what did selmans theory focus on?

Answer 1

.social perspective taking

Question 2

what is social perspective taking?

Answer 2

.understanding what someone else is feeling or thinking

Question 3

what did selman say about social perspective taking?

Answer 3

.social perspective-taking develops separately from other cognitive development (domain- specific). .based on maturity (age) and social environment

Question 4

how many stages are there to selmans level of perspective taking?

Answer 4

5

Question 5

what is the 1st stage to selmans level of perspective taking?

Answer 5

.stage 0 (3-6 years) -Socially egocentric

Question 6

what happens in the 1st stage?

Answer 6

.child cannot distinguish between their own emotions and those of others nor explain the emotional states of others

Question 7

what is the 2nd stage to selmans level of perspective taking?

Answer 7

.stage1 (6-8 years) -Social information role-taking

Question 8

what happens in the 2nd stage?

Answer 8

.child can distinguish between their own point of view and that of others, but can only focus on one perspective at a time

Question 9

what is the 3rd stage to selmans level of perspective taking?

Answer 9

.stage 2 (8-10 years) -Self-reflective role-taking

Question 10

what happens in the 3rd stage?

Answer 10

.child can explain the position of another person and appreciate their perspective, but can still only appreciate one view at a time

Question 11

what is the 4th stage to selmans level of perspective taking?

Answer 11

.stage 3 (10-12) -Mutual role-taking

Question 12

what happens in the 4th stage?

Answer 12

.can consider own point of view and that of others at the same time

Question 13

what is the 5th stage to selmans level of perspective taking?

Answer 13

.stage 4 (12+) -Social and conventional system role-taking

Question 14

what happens in the 5th stage?

Answer 14

.child recognises that understanding others’ viewpoints is not enough to allow people to reach agreement -social conventions are needed to keep order

Question 15

what are the positives to selmans level of perspective taking?

Answer 15

.research support -selman(1971) compared 60 four-, five-, and six-year-olds on their perspective taking abilities and found significant positive correlations between age and perspective-taking
.RWA -some criminals lack empathy so are more willing to harm others so social skills training programmes encourage prisoners to learn perspective-taking skills so they can increase their empathetic concern and prevent them reoffending, so research is useful

Question 16

what is a negative to selmans level of perspective taking?

Answer 16

.correlational -just because perspective-taking skills and age are correlated does not mean that it develops due to maturity likewise, perspective-taking skills and social competence are correlated but this does not necessarily mean that it causes the other