Comm. Disorders in Adults Chapter 2

Question 1

Known as soma; center of the neuron and contains nucleus (DNA)

Answer 1

Cell body

Question 2

Small, tree-like structures that help in sending and receiving the signal from another neuron

Answer 2

Dendrite

Question 3

Distal end of the axon; site for connection between the axon and the other neurons

Answer 3

Presynaptic terminal

Question 4

Junction/site where two neurons meet

Answer 4

Synapse

Question 5

Chemical agents that help in transmitting information from one neuron to another across the synaptic cleft

Answer 5

Neurotransmitters

Question 6

Space between the presynaptic neuron and the post-synaptic neuron

Answer 6

Synaptic Cleft

Question 7

Protein sheath that covers the axon

Answer 7

Myelin

Question 8

Formed by linkages of thousands of neurons

Answer 8

Nervous tissue

Question 9

Cell bodies of neurons and dendrites

Answer 9

Grey matter

Question 10

Consists of primarily axons

Answer 10

White matter

Question 11

Cells that provide structural support to neurons and perform other important background functions

Answer 11

Neuroglia (glial cells)

Question 12

Oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, microglia and Schwann cells

Answer 12

Glial cells

Question 13

Brain and Spinal cord

Answer 13

Central nervous system

Question 14

Chief executive operator/ initiates and regulates all motor, sensory and cognitive processes.

Answer 14

Brain: cerebral hemispheres, cerebellum, brainstem and diencephalon

Question 15

Carries sensory and motor commands/ connection between brain and the body

Answer 15

Spinal Cord

Question 16

Skull –> Brain and Vertebral column –> Spinal cord

Answer 16

Membranes covering CNS - 1st later: Bony layer

Question 17

three layers; Pia mater, dura mater and arachnoid mater

Answer 17

Membranes covering CNS - 2nd layer: Meninges

Question 18

Inner covering that tightly adheres to the surface of the CNS; carries blood vessels that serves the CNS

Answer 18

Pia mater

Question 19

2nd layer; delicate membrane separates the pia mater from dura mater

Answer 19

Arachnoid

Question 20

3rd layer; Thick fibrous tissues

Answer 20

Dura mater

Question 21

Space between pia mater and arachnoid mater

Answer 21

Sub arachnoid space

Question 22

Chemical for metabolic processes and acts as a buffer during any injury to the skull

Answer 22

Membranes covering CNS - 3rd layer: Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

Question 23

System of nerves connected to the brainstem and the spinal cord; includes cranial and spinal nerves

Answer 23

Peripheral nervous system

Question 24

31 pairs of ______ ______; each one connects the spinal cord to a muscle, organ or gland of the body.

Answer 24

Spinal nerves

Question 25

12 pairs; they run between the brainstem and the facial & neck regions (two words)

Answer 25

Cranial Nerves

Question 26

Cranial nerves are important for ______, ________, and _______.

Answer 26

Speech, language and hearing

Question 27

Both motor movements and sensory information are transferred by these.

Answer 27

Cranial Nerves

Question 28

What are the 7 cranial nerves important for speech and language production?

Answer 28

V, VII, VIII, IX, X, XI, & XII

Question 29

Which cerebral hemisphere deals heavily with perception of emotion by processing these non-linguistic components of communication?

Answer 29

Right cerebral hemisphere

Question 30

Which cerebral hemisphere is responsible for prosody, processing & recognizing faces & facial expressions, ability to attend to stimuli, processing melody and rhythm in music, perception of environmental sounds?

Answer 30

Right cerebral hemisphere.

Question 31

Which cerebral hemisphere houses language?

Answer 31

Left cerebral hemisphere

Question 32

Cerebral cortex/cerebral hemispheres; left and right hemispheres.

Answer 32

Cerebrum

Question 33

Both the hemispheres long fissure

Answer 33

Longitudinal fissure

Question 34

Band of fibers that connects both the hemispheres.

Answer 34

Corpus callosum

Question 35

Six lobes of four types - one frontal, one occipital, two parietal and two temporal lobes.

Answer 35

Cerebral lobes

Question 36

Largest lobe; anterior part of the brain

Answer 36

Frontal lobe

Question 37

Which lobe activates and controls fine and complex motor activities/ motor abilities including speech production?

Answer 37

The frontal lobe

Question 38

The frontal lobe controls human executive functions - higher-order cognitive functions such as reasoning, problem-solving, social awareness, planning, and rationalizing. True or False

Answer 38

True

Question 39

The ability to understand the other person's mental state

Answer 39

Theory of Mind

Question 40

The anterior portion of the brain; unique to the human species, has connections with sensory and motor systems for complex behavior. Responsible for emotions such as calmness and friendliness.

Answer 40

Prefrontal Cortex

Question 41

Controls initiated skilled, delicate voluntary movements (limbs, oral structures etc.)

Answer 41

Primary Motor Cortex

Question 42

Brocas area: responsible for spoken communication

Answer 42

Premotor cortex

Question 43

Posterior part of the brain; Visual perception and processing.

Answer 43

Occipital lobe

Question 44

Primary visual cortex - receives and processes information on depth, shape, color, space, and movement into a single image.

Answer 44

Areas of the occipital lobe

Question 45

Two lobes on the right and left side; posterior to frontal lobes.

Answer 45

Parietal lobe

Question 46

Which lobe is responsible for perceiving and integrating sensory and perceptual information and comprehension of oral and written language and performing mathematical calculations?

Answer 46

Parietal Lobe

Question 47

Area of the parietal lobe that receives and processes sensory information (pain, temperature, touch, pressure, and movement) from receptors of the body.

Answer 47

Primary sensory/somatosensory cortex

Question 48

Area of the parietal lobe that is for reading, naming, and mathematic abilities.

Answer 48

The inferior portion

Question 49

Area of parietal lobe that is for sensory processing.

Answer 49

Sensory association cortex

Question 50

Two lobes on the right and left sides; posterior to frontal lobes and inferior to parietal lobes.

Answer 50

Temporal lobe

Question 51

Which lobe is responsible for processing auditory information and language comprehension?

Answer 51

Temporal lobe

Question 52

Analysis of auditory input and recognition of speech sounds.

Answer 52

Auditory processing (temporal lobe)

Question 53

Area of temporal lobe that processes temporal aspects of speech.

Answer 53

Heschl's gyrus

Question 54

Area of temporal lobe that is critical for language comprehension.

Answer 54

Wernicke's area (receptive speech area)

Question 55

Beneath the cortex is the _________. It includes the brainstem, cerebellum, thalamus, basal ganglia and the limbic system.

Answer 55

Subcortex

Question 56

Midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata.

Answer 56

Brainstem

Question 57

Key transmitter of sensory information to brain and motor information away from the brain

Answer 57

Brainstem

Question 58

White matter pathways that connect different structures and areas of the brain within a single hemisphere or the same hemisphere.

Answer 58

Association fibers

Question 59

White matter pathways that connect areas between the two cerebral hemispheres. Example: Corpus callosum.

Answer 59

Commissural fibers

Question 60

White matter pathways that project from the brain to the spinal cord and transmit the sensory and motor signals.

Answer 60

Projection fibers

Question 61

System that houses the nutritive and colorless fluid known as cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).

Answer 61

Ventricular system

Question 62

Consists of four ventricles - two large lateral ventricles, a third ventricle, and a fourth ventricle.

Answer 62

Ventricular system

Question 63

Helps cushion the brain from trauma and is also involved in the production and circulation of CSF

Answer 63

Ventricular system.

Question 64

Relay station for the cranial nerves supplying the head, face and controls senses.

Answer 64

Brainstem

Question 65

Which subcortical structure is responsible for metabolism and arousal (three reflexes centers such as cardiac center, vasomotor center and the respiratory center)?

Answer 65

Brainstem

Question 66

"Little brain"

Answer 66

Cerebellum

Question 67

Responsible for regulating and coordinating motor and muscular activity - coordinating motor movements, maintaining muscle tone, monitoring movement range and strength and maintain posture & equilibrium.

Answer 67

Cerebellum

Question 68

Responsible for taking sensory signals from one part of the nervous system and directing them to another part of the nervous system. Also known as the relay station.

Answer 68

Thalamus

Question 69

This structure consists of a group of nuclei - caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus. And plays a strong role in movement.

Answer 69

Basal ganglia

Question 70

Responsible for sense of pleasure, mating & feeding behavior, flight-or-fight response, emotional memory and sense of motivation.

Answer 70

the Limbic system

Question 71

Bundle of white matter tracts and gray matter housed within the bony vertebral column; Controls the motor plan for the muscles

Answer 71

Spinal cord

Question 72

Conical point of termination of the spinal cord in the lumbar region.

Answer 72

Conus medullaris

Question 73

The loose strands of spinal nerves that separate from inferior termination of the spinal cord.

Answer 73

Cauda equina

Question 74

Production of physical movement that occurs automatically in response to a stimuli.

Answer 74

Reflex

Question 75

True or False. The brain consumes 60% of the bodies oxygen.

Answer 75

False; it only consumes 20%

Question 76

True or False. Oxygen nourishes the brain and without oxygen the brain starves and quickly dies.

Answer 76

True

Question 77

What are the 2 routes that oxygen enters the brain through?

Answer 77

The Internal carotid artery and the vertebral artery.

Question 78

________ carry oxygenated blood from the heart to the brain.

Answer 78

Arteries

Question 79

_____ carry deoxygenated blood from the brain tissues back to the heart.

Answer 79

Veins

Question 80

________ carotid artery supplies blood to the face muscles and to the oral, nasal, and eye cavities.

Answer 80

External

Question 81

________ carotid artery is a major supplier of blood to the cerebral hemispheres; runs anterior lateral side of the neck splits into anterior, middle and posterior cerebral artery

Answer 81

Internal

Question 82

Arises from the subclavian artery and supplies the brainstem, cerebellum, occipital lobe, and the temporal lobe.

Answer 82

Vertebral artery

Question 83

Courses up the spinal column and back of the neck to join and form a basilar artery - supplies occipital lobe and inferior portion of temporal lobe.

Answer 83

Vertebral artery

Question 84

The vertebral basilar system and the carotid artery form a circular array of blood vessels; Also helps to promote equal blood pressure and blood flow to all areas of the brain

Answer 84

Circle of Willis

Question 85

Acts as a waste disposal system moving the deoxygenated blood away from the brain and used CSF away from the ventricular system.

Answer 85

The venous system

Question 86

1. Superficial cerebral vein - blood from the cerebral cortex and subcortical white matter. 2. Deep cerebral veins - blood from subcortical gray matter [thalamus and hippocampus]

Answer 86

2 main cerebral veins in the Venous System.