Neural Bases - Chapter 8 Flashcards
- Divided the human brain into 52 areas based on the differences in gross anatomy
- Postulated that each of this area either individually or in connection with other areas is responsible for certain functions
- Simple navigational tool that helps to survey many complexities of the central hemispheres
- Brain is a complex structure-ERD is in the larger 2 no one to one correspondence between in the area and the function
Brodmann map
- Lies in the rostral end of the frontal lobe with the caudal end being the premotor area
- Associated with cognition, personality, decision making, and social behavior
- Responsible for executive control that involved goal-directed behavior – restraint, initiative and order
Prefrontal cortex [Brodmann areas 9,10,11,12,46 and 47]
working memory [a type of short-term memory for temporarily holding information], retrieving previously stored information needed to make judgments and decisions
o Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex [areas 9, 10, 46]
working memory, episodic memory (space-time events), autobiographical memory (personal episodic memory)
o Ventrolateral prefrontal cortex [areas 45, 47]
learning and decision making [relating possible rewards or punishment associated with that action
Orbital frontal cortex [areas 11, 12]
working memory (spatial) and emotional memories
o Medial prefrontal cortex areas [24, 25, 32
damage to the lateral prefrontal cortex leading to disturbances such as indifferent to people and situations, apathetic, lack of will [abulia], lack of movement [akinesia], lack of talking [mutism]
depressive profile
damage to the medial and anterior part of the prefrontal cortex leading to emotional explosions, impersistence, distractible
manic profile
- Frontal eye fields located anterior to the pre-motor cortex
- Controls left right up and down eye movements
Frontal eye field [Brodmann area 8]
- Named after the physician Paul Broca
- Located in the inferior frontal gyrus of the frontal lobe and sandwiched between the premotor cortex and the prefrontal cortex
- Involved in language processing, language comprehension, and speech production
Brocas area [Brodmann area 44 and 45]:
the ability to retrieve and say verbs and to spell words correctly in writing
left hemisphere Broca’s area
involved in the expression of emotional intonation [prosody] and interpretation of intonation especially the emotional content.
o Right hemisphere Broca’s area
phonological processing
both hemispheres in broca’s area
contributes to the interpretation of syntax and planning and programming of verbal response
one main part of broca’s area: anterior portion
initiating and coordinating the speech motor musculatures/organs
posterior portion
Limited verbal output that is agrammatic (not grammatically correct).* Co-occurring condition: Motor speech disorder called Apraxia of Speech (AOS) – difficulty in planning and programming the articulators for speech.
* Unintelligible speech and groping behavior
broca’s aphasia
- Lies anterior to the primary motor area
- Involves in planning and sequencing complex voluntary motor movements – opposite side of the body
- Along with BA 44: motor movements and planning for speech
- Damage to premotor cortex: apraxia (limb apraxia, oral apraxia, apraxia of speech)
Premotor cortex [Brodmann area 6]
- Located in the pre-central gyri posterior to premotor cortex
- Controls all the motor activities of the body
- Damage to this area: hemiplegia/paralysis (contralateral), dysarthria – difficulty in articulating the speech sounds due to weakness in the muscles (slurring speech)
Primary motor area [Brodmann area 4]
- Lies posterior to central fissure
- Receives and perceives the sensory information (touch, pain, temperature, proprioception, stereognosis)
- Damage to this area will lead to decreased sensitivity to touch, temperature, and pain
Primary sensory cortex [Brodmann areas 1-2 and 3] (parietal lobe)
- Fine movements of speech musculature for fluent/smooth speech
- Writing
Somatosensory association area [Brodmann 5 and 7] (parietal lobe)
- Left hemisphere:
o Important for reading and math abilities
o Involved in interpreting metaphors/idioms - Right hemisphere:
o Visual-spatial processing - Damage to angular gyrus: difficulty in reading (alexia), difficulty in math (acalculia)
Angular gyrus [Brodmann area 39] (parietal lobe)
- Closely connected to the angular gyrus
- Stores the phoneme representation and phoneme combination
- Upon seeing a word, this area helps to form the auditory image of the word
Supramarginal gyrus [Brodmann area 40] (parietal lobe)
- Visual information processing (identifying the form, color, face, and other details)
- Damage to the occipital lobe – Anton Syndrome (cortical blindness)
occipital lobe
- Involved in auditory information processing and reading facial emotions
- Damage to it: auditory hallucinations
Inferior Temporal Area (Brodmann Areas 20 & 21)
