Community psych Flashcards
(7 cards)
What describes “sense of community” and “social capital”?
Sense of community, 3 pillarer:
- Tilhørighet
- * Feeling “part of” or “identified with”. Community members feel that they share with other members certain values, ideas, problems, or the purposes or goals of the community.
- * Group identity- individual identification with others and with the community. Not an external label, based on any similarity perceived from the outside.
- Interrelation/interrelation:
- * Connection or communication (even “virtual”), and
- * Mutual influence among its members. * Relationship (not shared space).
- Felles kultur:
- * Networks of shared meanings.
- * Community’s own social representations and therefore shared Interpretations of experiences that they are lived communally.
- * Territorial /non-territorial
McMillan and Chavis (1986) are credited with formulating an enduring conceptualization of sense of community. According to them, the concept consists of four domains: (a) membership, (b) influence, (c) integration and fulfilment of needs and (d) shared emotional connection. These four domains of sense of community sparked a great deal of interest and research COMMUNITY * A “place” of identity and meaning where individuals recognize themselves as part of a collective, share culture, and have built a collective memory/narrative. * As a protagonist, the community is a social actor/agent. 1) geografisk 2) relasjonell **Social capital** - We find much in common between these two concepts and CP (Perkins, Hughey & Speer, 2002). In essence, they speak about the potential of communities to improve the well-being of their members through the synergy of associations, mutual trust, sense of community and collective action (Hooghe, 2003; McKenzie & Harpham, 2006). - In short, they deal with the intersection of people, well-being and community. *The main difference between sense of community and social capital lies in the level of analysis* Whereas sense of community is typically measured and discussed at the group or neighbourhood level, social capital research has looked at the results of cohesion at **state and national levels** Noen mener at: that sense of community is only a part of social capital. They suggest that social capital consists of four dimensions: (a) sense of community, (b) neighbouring, (c) collective effi - cacy and (d) citizen participation. Viktig, men kontroversiell idé
Sammenligning
The sense of community is commonly used in community psychology while social capital is more used in sociology,
. Explain the Alpha and Beta bias approach, and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each if the goal is to create a more inclusive society.
Implementing inclusion
–Approaches:
1.Minimizing differences (beta approach)
*Emphasizing similarity build community and inclusion
*Focus on difference in power
*Limitation: ignores special features
2.Maximizing differences (alpha approach)
*Special characteristics of group are emphasized
*Multiculturalism
*Helps acculturation if combined with integration
*Limitation: ignores power when emphasizing character
What are the 2 ways of implementing inclusion (alpha and beta approach)? (long answer)
Implementing inclusion
–Approaches:
1.Minimizing differences (beta approach)
*Emphasizing similarity build community and inclusion
*Focus on difference in power
*Limitation: ignores special features
2.Maximizing differences (alpha approach)
*Special characteristics of group are emphasized
*Multiculturalism
*Helps acculturation if combined with integration
*Limitation: ignores power when emphasizing character
What does inclusion imply in a societal context?(long answer)
Inclusion er en del av procedural justice (prosedyremessig rettferdighet)
*What is inclusion?
–the act of including someone or something as part of a group (Cambridge dictionary)
–the act or practice of including and accommodating people who have historically been excluded (Merriam-Webster)
Analysenivåer:
–Individuals
–Microsystems
–Organizations
–Localities
–Macro Systems
EQUALITY og EQUITY viktig her
*History in developmental disabilities
*Principle of inclusion applies to variety of groups that have been subjected to social exclusion
–Disability
–Sex or gender
–Race
–Social class
–Sexual orientation/identity
*Ryan (1999): culture of connection (as contrast to individualism) and varied perspectives (as contrast to single standard)
*Bond & Mulvey (2000): representation (e.g women representatives) and perspective (e.g. feminist perspectives)
–Representation is needed but not enough > perspectives needed
*Inclusion closely related to accountability
–Exclusion is supported by the lack of accountability and differential privilege
eugenics motsatt eksempel?the study of how to arrange reproduction within a human population to increase the occurrence ofheritablecharacteristics regarded as desirable
*Why is inclusion important?
–Failure of promote inclusion promotes oppression
–Sometimes different forms of exclusion intersect (e.g. black lesbian)
–Psychological oppression is the internalized view of self as negative and unworthy
–Psychological oppression works in interpersonal relationships in the community and in the broader social context
*The value-base of inclusion
–Relativity and respect for diversity
*Implementing inclusion
–Approaches:
1.Minimizing differences (beta approach)
*Emphasizing similarity build community and inclusion
*Focus on difference in power
*Limitation: ignores special features
2.Maximizing differences (alpha approach)
*Special characteristics of group are emphasized
*Multiculturalism
*Helps acculturation if combined with integration
*Limitation: ignores power when emphasizing character
What is the difference between equality and equity?
CP fokuserer mer på equity enn equality. Equity innebærer å ta hensyn til forskjellige hensyn for å nå rettferdighet, heller enn å behandle alle likt.
- Prosedural rettferdighet er viktig i CP og involverer transparent, rettferdig, inklusiv og deltagende beslutningsprosesser.
- Mens ^er prosessen, er distributiv rettferdig utfallet av å oppnå rettferdig.
- Rettferdighet betyr ikke de samme eller like ressurser til alle
- Hva som er tilgjengelig og hva som trengs er veldig viktige komponenter av rettferdighet
What is multiculturalism?
Multikulturalisme
*Multiculturalism can be understood as descriptive or normative terms (Fleras, 2009; Miller, 2006)
*Descriptive: multiculturalism refers to existing cultural diversity, i.e. to existence of different ethnic groups in a country.
*Normative: defining an official policy about ethnical relations in a country. Multiculturalism refers to an ideology that attaches positive value to cultural diversity, calls for equal legal, social, and political recognition of different cultural groups, and requires the state to support cultural groups in various ways (Miller, 2006).
*In multicultural ideology people identify themselves above all as members of their ethnic group and the relationship to the state is seen through the prism of ethnicity. Ethnic identity is seen as more important than the citizenship.
*Kymlicka: States can harm their citizens by trivialising or ignoring their cultural identities, and that this harm can be as damaging to people as denying them their civil or political rights. Laws, rules, and institutions are likely to be biased towards the identities and interests of majority cultural groups.
“If we accept either or both of these points, then we can see minority rights not as unfair privileges or invidious forms of discrimination, but as compensation for unfair disadvantages and so as consistent with, and even required by, justice. In conditions of cultural diversity, what the majority supports does not guarantee citizen equality, and it may be necessary to supplement majority decisions by a stronger regime of minority rights. Sometimes it is more equitable to have different rules for different groups.”
Å forstå diversitet viktig for å forstå ulike perspektiver
Forskning finner:
*Multiculturalism is seen as an ideology which promotes tolerance and social cohesion while multiculturalism aims at strengthening group identities and, consequently, rivalry among ethnic groups.
*Verkyiten (2005): The majority group members (Dutch) endorsing multiculturalism were less likely to identify with their ethnic in-group and show negative out-group bias. The more minority group members endorsed multiculturalism, the more likely they were to show negative out-group bias
*US: the more the individuals identify with the ethnic in-group, the higher the ethnocentrism is
*While the traditional mono-cultural model based on single culture nationalism and forced assimilation cannot work in multicultural countries, also the multicultural model seems to fail.
–Immigrants have not been able to adapt to their host countries
–Ethnic groups in multicultural liberal countries have not been able to adopt such values of their host countries as democracy, gender equality or human rights in general.
Third option: Multiculturalism without Culture (Anne Phillips)
Critizism of multiculturalism
1.“minorities within minorities”: groups can oppress their own internal minorities and the risk that policies of multiculturalism will reinforce the inequities of power
2.Multiculturalism as undermining social cohesion, dissipating national identity, and emptying citizenship of much of its content.
3.The notion of culture itself, representing it as a falsely homogenising reification. Multiculturalism appears not as a cultural liberator but as a cultural straitjacket, forcing those described as members of a minority cultural group into a regime of authenticity, denying them the chance to cross cultural borders, borrow cultural influences, define and redefine themselves.
* Revised multiculturalism: multi ulturalism w/o culture:
*The focus is on individual’s values, not on the groups’ values.
–While support to ethnic cultural or religious associations is needed in similar way as to any associations, distributing legal or regulatory power to cultural groups is not wise because it poses a great risk to equality of citizens in front of law.
*In “revised multiculturalism”, we recognize the cultural plurality but emphasize the equality of all citizens and, even more importantly, the equality of all human beings.
*In contrast to multiculturalism, focusing on equality of all citizens allows us as citizens share the same goals and values of our nation.
TIDL. eksamen: What do we mean when we talk about “Sense of community” and “Social capital”? How are these concepts related to each other?
The answer should include three equally graded parts: “Sense of community”, “Social capital” and comparison of these two. Students should be able to define these concepts and compare them and describe how they are overlapping/different form each other. The sense of community is defined as “the feeling derived from belonging to a particular group where the individual experiences bonds of affection, influence, companionship and support” (Nelson & Prilleltensky, page 124). Sense of community consists following domains: membership, influence, integration and fulfilment of needs, and shared emotional connection (McMillan & Chavis, 1986). More recently, Wilkinson (2007) conceptualized psychological sense of community, attraction and neighboring, as parts of social cohesion (p. 103). Social capital refers to “collective resources consisting of civic participation, networks, norms of reciprocity and organizations that foster trust among citizens and actions to enhance the common good”. Both sense of community and social capital deal with the intersection of people, well-being and community. The main difference between the sense of community and social capital lies in the level of analysis. Whereas the sense of community is typically measured and discussed at the group or neighborhood level, social capital research has looked at the results of cohesion at state and national levels. The sense of community is only a part of social capital. Social capital consists of four dimensions: sense of community, neighboring, collective efficacy, and citizen participation. The sense of community is commonly used in community psychology while social capital is more used in sociology, community development and political science. Social capital, in the form of connections of trust and participation in public affairs, enhances community capacity to create structures of cohesion and support that benefit the population and produce positive health, welfare, educational and social outcomes. Research indicates that communities with higher social capital are much better in terms of health, education, crime and well-being than communities with low social capital. The key issue in social capital is community members’ participation in volunteer organizations, political parties, local and professional associations.
A successful answer defines the concepts sense of community and social capital and can point out the differences and similarities. A successful answer mentions the benefits of high social capital for communities. Extra points can be given for examples, but examples are not required for full points.
