Mental and physical health Flashcards
(7 cards)
Explain the Riegelman effect.
= social loafing
- the best individual athletes together do not necessarily make the most successful sport team
- Poor performance of talented teams maybe because Faulty coordination or motivational processes
Ringelmann 1913 found in a series of rope-pulling that with increasing group size, the average effort produced by each performer decreased linearly
Number of reasons why researched
- lack of identifiability of ind. performance can reduce motivation so athletes work less hard and economize their effort (Carron & Eys, 2012)
- reduced feelings of responsibility
- The collective effort model (CEM; Karau & Williams, 1993) suggests that working on a task w a group results in weakening of ind. motivation
- bc it lowers individual expectations that their efforts will result in goal attainment
- + bc of reduction in subjective value of these goals to the individual
- only effort to the degree it helps obtaining outcomes they value
demonstrated in sport + physical tasks
independent of gender, culture, age, nature of group
Social loafin provides an explanation for why talented sport teams which have the cpacity to do well do not necessarily or always reach full potential
Limitations: ?
How can a program be implemented to motivate physical activity among a group of office workers, with the goal of walking 10,000 steps a day? Use Intervention Mapping as a basis.
- Sjekk om det egt har effekt med 10k steg pr dag…
- may be useful to combine different theories
Explaining and promoting exercise behaviour
Theories that explain why people are not as active as they could be, and what needs to be done in order to help people become more active
Theories used for:
- design itnervention strategies that take away important barriers to change
- and that meet the needs of those receiving those interventions
- evaluating effects of interventions
Intervention mapping
Useful framework for planning, implementing, and evaluating theory-driven behavioural interventions
1) diagnosing problem, particularly identifying which behaviour causes this problem
2) examining which social psychological theories can explain behaviour causing problem to identify key variables that predict behaviour desired
3) developing interventions that target important antecedents of desired behaviour
4) evaluating the content and process for intervention
In 2 maybe TPB to study which antecedents predict physical activity behaviour
- assumption more likeoly to engage in activity when strong intention to be active
- intention to behaviour depends on
- attitude towards behaviour
- subjective norms (beliefs whether important others expect behaviour)
- perceived behavioural control PBC Perceptions of control of own behaviour
A SINGLE THEORY cannot fully predict + explain physical activity behaviur in children
envirnonmental factors can affect behaviour directly and indirectly via TBP variables (lack of green fields leasd to low PBC)
may be useful to combine different theories
What positive health effects can be seen from regular physical activity?
Well documented health benefits of regular physical activity, exercise and sport participation
protect and rehabilitete several chronic diseases
builds muscle
strengthens bones
Benefits
cardiovascular health
muscle
also things like
reduce stress
less anxiety depression
also
improve self efficacy
social interactions & bonds
amount of sedentary behaviour, independent form exercise, predicts ill health
Social psych. importnant to increase understanding of how people develop perceptions, beliefs, attitudes, and motivations related to exercise and sport participation
- how these factors influence their physical act., exercise + sport behaviour
- how this fulfils health aspiration and quality of life
critical to understand exercise and sport behaviours of ind. and groups in their social environment
chapter: how soc. psych. can be applies to ecplain + promote exercise + sport behaviours
identifying drivers for exercising
find and strengthen the drrivers and take away barruers
Batholomew et al. 2006 - intervention mapping
- objective?
- target group?
- what factors drive behaviour?
- which exsting intervention strategy can help? pilot ideas
- design, plan, implement intervention
- evaluate process and effectiveness
eksamen:
spørsmål
velg target group og intervention
designing behaviour interventions
- behaviour to be changes
- behavioural characteristics
- intervention design
- implementation & evaluation
lack of motivation not significant.
Explain Social Comparison Theory, and how it depends on Social Comparison Orientation (SCO).
Theoretical explanations of disturbed body image
###### [[Social Comparison Theory]]
assumption: individuals compare themself with others
Buunk and Gibbons, 2007
- people will have a fundamental desire to evaluate their opinions, abilities and appearance, and strive to have stable, accurate appraisals of themselves.
- prefer to evaluate themselves using objective, non-social standards, in reality will evaluate themselves by comparison w others when such objective information is unavailable. Individuals may compare
- lateral comparisons - similar others
- upward comparisons - better off others
- downward comparisons - worse off others
- social comparisons have mixed effects on self-perceived attractiveness (Dijkstra, Buunk, and Gibbons, 2010)
- Upward social comparisons indeed may lead some individuals to become more dissatisfied w appearance, others seem to experience positive affect and positive self-evaluations of attractiveness in response to more attractive same-sex others
Important individual difference!
- the extent to which, and the frequency with which people compare themselves w others = social comparison’s orientation = SCO
- high SCO related to seeking more comparison behviour + more emotional reactions from comparison
- Women with high SCO identify more with other attractive women and experience more positive feelings than women low in SCO.
- - likely explanation is that women high SCO focus more on mutual similarities than on differences
Self-discrepancy theory
Higgins, 1987
Assumption: individuals compare themselves internally (how possible selves may look)
Individuals have three possible selves
- actual self - beliefs individuals holds about themselves in present
- ideal self - hopes and aspirations
- ought self - feelings of duty, obligation and responsibility
- (+4th one? feared self - afraid of becoming)
higher ideal discrepancies linked to more body dissatisfaciton in a lot of research focus
recent research: other selves also important, particularly feared self
- dalley and Buunk 2009 and other research shows that when it comes to actual appearance-related behaviours and the motivation to engage in behaviours
remember: inner selves, particularly ideal self, often develop through social comparisons with others ref. [[Social Comparison Theory]]
Coping with body image disturbances
intervention strategies
- social comparison theory
- self-discrepancy theory
- often suggested that average bodies should be displayed
- lowring descriptive norm of beauty
- recent studies based on both theories show:
- since women with high SCO respond positively to upward comparison targets in the domain of beauty, individuals w body dissatisfaction can learn something from how women high in SCO cope with appearance-related social comparison information
- Seeking similarities rather than differences
- may make them feel more positive
- especially the feared self should be focus of interventions
- when feared self evokes disproportionally strong feelings of threat, or when individuals overestimate the similarities between actual and feared self
- can lead to adverse effects
- individuals healthy and attractive can become dissatisfied with their body and engage in unhealthy dieting behaviors (OBVS unhealthy for everyone!!! kortsiktig, hva skjer når en overvektig person når normalvekt…)
- From this point of view it seems important for individuals to have more realistic and balanced image of differences and similarities w actual and feared self
other variables are important in understanding prevention + treatment of body disturbance
- many more causal or facilitating variables such as personality (SCo small part of), social variables (critidisism)
important cuz these variables are relatively easy to deal with
How is attributional style linked to resilience against negative experiences?
Attributional model of depression
May become depressed when attribute negative uncontrollable events, to internal, stable and global causes, in contrast to external, unstable and specific causes
mentally healthy thinking associated with biased so self is seen in positive light
attributions people make both predict future depression as well as characterize ongoing depression
attributional model suggests, ind. should learn to interpret the events that happen to them in less self-defeating way
What are the causes and maintenance factors of depression, from a social psychology point of view?
heoretical explanations of depression
##### Coping with stress
2 major coping strategies (Folkman et al., 1986)
- problem-focused coping
- individuals try to alter the source of stress
- less depressive symptoms over time
- emotion-focused coping
- individuals regulate their emotional responses to the stressor
- more depressive symptoms
- lower self esteem
- esp. when stressor is appraised as changeable
studies on coping may explain why 2x women>men
- women more likely emotion-focused coping
- men more likely problem-focused and proficient in constructive problem-solving approach
9 other congitive coping strategies in response to negative life experiences exclusively mental strategies
- again women more likely to use depression- enhancing cognitive strategies
Attributional model of depression
May become depressed when attribute negative uncontrollable events, to internal, stable and global causes, in contrast to external, unstable and specific causes
mentally healthy thinking associated with biased so self is seen in positive light
attributions people make both predict future depression as well as characterize ongoing depression
Preventing depression
- prevention programs should focus on adolescents as well as high risk adults
- coping theory suggest individuals should be trained to use more effecting coping strategies
- Study w 10-year olds showed general reduction among those vulnerable
- paper pen programme
- positive ffect and aquired coping skills decreeased w time
- eacott and frydenburg, 2009
- attributional model suggests, ind. should learn to interpret the events that happen to them in less self-defeating way
depression multiply determined problem
many variables
- neurologival variables
- social variables (poverty, lack of social support)
- individual-psychological variables (like thinking)
- more likely that things mentioned asbove is a sarting point and theoretical fundament of interventions for the prevention of depression among individuals who are vuln erable
- already depressed may us eadditional interventions to tackle multiple facets
Present a ‘case’/text vignette and ask students to discuss possible solutions based on psychological theory from the syllabus.
seminar
