Conditioning

Question 1

Learning

Answer 1

Relatively permanent changes in behaviour resulting from practice or experience
- can be unlearned

Question 2

Classical conditioning

Answer 2

Learning by association
reflexive learning
depends on reflex responses
- Unconditioned stimulus causes unconditioned response
- Later on, a Neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus and then causes a conditioned response, which = the unconditioned response

Question 3

Reinforcement

Answer 3

Any event that increases the likelihood that a response or behaviour will occur again

Question 4

Response

Answer 4

Any identifiable behaviour, external or internal, that is elicited by a stimilus

Question 5

Stimulus

Answer 5

Any object or event that elicits a response

Question 6

Antecedent

Answer 6

An event that comes before a response

Question 7

Consequence

Answer 7

The effect of the response

Question 8

Acquisition process

Answer 8

the process of acquiring knowledge

Question 9

Acquisition phase

Answer 9

period of time between presentation of a stimulus or recieving re-inforcement

Question 10

extinction

Answer 10

gradual decrease in strength or frequency of a conditioned response

Question 11

Spontaneous recovery

Answer 11

re-appearance of a conditioned response to the conditioned stimulus after a period of time of apparent extinction

Question 12

Pavlov’s Dogs

Answer 12

• 1905
• Ivan Pavlov
• A Russian Physiologist
• Discovered classical conditioning by accident
• Found that dogs become accostomed to things
• Food = Unconditioned stimulus
• Saliva = Unconditioned response

Over time, hearing a bell, a NS, becomes a CS and causes salivation, a UCR becoming a CR

Question 13

Operant Conditioning

Answer 13

Learning process
Learning from the consequences of behaviour

• the stimulus is the cue, causes a response which causes a consequence

Question 14

Reinforcement

Answer 14

increases the response

Question 15

punishment

Answer 15

decreases the response

Question 16

Little Albert

Answer 16

John B. Watson
1920
Albert was conditioned to fear rats through classical conditioning
N.S = Animals
UCS = Hammer
CR= Crying
CS= Animals
UCR= Crying

• Albert was not afraid of animals, when he reached for a rat, they made a loud noise and this was repeated 6 times,
• Albert associated white noise with white rat, albert was now afraid of white rate and anything similar

Question 17

Skinner Box

Answer 17

1930’s
Fed pigeons less so that they are always hungry
Put pigeons in a box
Pigeons will peck a lever / button
Sometimes be rewarded with food
Discovered that the reward of food determined the times pigeons pecked buttons
Pecking -> food = pos. reinforcement

Question 18

Systematic Desensitation

Answer 18

Decreasing your level of anxiety or fear very gently and gradually

Question 19

Reinforcement

Answer 19

Any stimulus, which, when delivered to a subject, increases the probability that a subject will emit a response

Question 20

Positive Reinforcement

Answer 20

Increases probability that a behaviour will occur and giving something

Question 21

Negative Reinforcement

Answer 21

Taking away something when the desired behaviour is emitted

Question 22

Phobia

Answer 22

An intense and irrational fear or aversion to an object, situation or thing, persists over time

Question 23

Schedules of Reinforcement

Answer 23

Used to decrease the probability that a response pattern in a subject will extinguish

Question 24

Bandura

Answer 24

Albert Bandura
1960’s
Preschooled children watched an adult attack a blow up doll, after witnessing this, aggression occurred in the children

Question 25

Token economies

Answer 25

Desirable behaviours are rewarded with a symbolic reinforcer

• J.B. Wolfe
  Taught chimpanzees token economies
  Chimps trained to use vending machine, out came grapes
  learn new tasks to earn chips
  were only allowed to use token machine rarely, to save tokens
• Tokens don’t lose reinforcement as quickly as primary enforcers do

Question 26

A token economy

Answer 26

Desirable behaviour is rewarded with a symbolic reinforcer that can be exchanged at a later date for a tangible reinforcer